Esperanza de vida
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Item Genetic, dietary, and other lifestyle determinants of serum homocysteine levels in young adults in Costa Rica(Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, vol17(4), 2005) Holst Schumacher, Ileana; Monge Rojas, Rafael; Cambronero Gutiérrez, Priscilla; Brenes Camacho, GilbertObjective: Elevated serum total homocysteine (tHcy) is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to develop the first-ever information on the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and its determinants in a population in Costa Rica. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine serum levels of tHcy, vitamin B12, folate and creatinine, as well as the presence of the genotype TT for the methylentetratrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme. Additionally, dietary vitamin intakes and other lifestyle risk factors were assessed. A total of 399 Costa Rican adults from the central valley of the country (where the capital city, San José, is located), aged 20 to 40 years, participated in this study in the year 2000. Analyses of variance were performed for continuous variables, and the chi-square test was used for categorical data. Spearman correlation tests were calculated to determine associations between variables. Three linear regression analyses and one binary logistic model were developed in order to determine the predictors for homocysteine levels in the population studied. Results: The overall prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia ( over 15 umol/L) in the population was 6%, 31% of the population were in the range of 10 to 15 umol/L, 29% had the genotype TT for the enzyme MTHFR, 18% presented a vitamin B12 deficiency ( less 165 pmol/L), and none of the persons had low serum folate levels (less 7,0 nmol/l). No significant associations were found between tHcy and age, smoking, consuming alcohol, or dietary vitamin intake. Conclusions: Only serum vitamin B12 levels and the genotype TT of the enzyme MTHFR were considered significant predictors of high serum tHcy levels in the Costa Rica population studied.Item Adult mortality decline in Costa Rica(Adult Mortality in Latin América. Oxford University Press, 1996) Rosero Bixby, LuisCosta Rica is, along with Cuba, the country with the best health indicators in Latin America. Life expectancy at birth in Costa Rica was 77.9 years for women and 72.7 years for men in 1990, figures which are comparable with those for Western Europe and the USA. Study of the epidemiologic transition in Costa Rica has usually focused on children, reflecting the fact that the main component of mortality decline has been the prevention and control of premature deaths (Behm, 1976; Rosero-Bixby, 1986; CELADE et al., 1987; Cervantes and Raabe, 1991). The greater availability of information on child health and the young age structure of the population (in 1960, 47 per cent of the population were children under 15 years of age) have reinforced the emphasis on studying the young. This chapter shifts the previous emphasis on childhood to focus on adult mortality. The purpose is to describe the mortality transition at adult ages, to identify its key components, and to make inferences about its likely determinants. The chapter has five sections: socio-economic and public-health background of Costa Rica; the data and methods used; decline in risks of dying in two age intervals (20-49 and 50-79 years); analysis of risks of dying by cause of death; and areal analysis of adult mortality and its correlate across 100 small geographical units.Item La reducción de la mortalidad de adultos(Actualidad Demográfica de Costa Rica. Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, 1995) Rosero Bixby, LuisLos estudios sobre la transición epidemiológica de Costa Rica se han concentrado en los niños en razón de que el principal factor en la reducción de la mortalidad ha sido la prevención de las muertes prematuras (Behm, 1976; Rosero-Bixby, 1986; CELADE, Ministerio de Salud y Universidad de Costa Rica, 1987; Cervantes y Raabe, 1991). La mayor disponibilidad información sobre la mortalidad en la niñez y el hecho de que la población sea predominantemente joven (en 1960, el 47% de la población tenía menos de 1 5 años) han contribuido también a que se otorgue atención prepnderante al estudio de la mortalidad temprana. Esta sección cambia el foco de atención de la mortalidad de los niños a los adultos. El objetivo es describir la evolución de la mortalidad en edades adultas en Costa Rica, identificar sus componentes clave y sacar conclusiones respecto de sus probables determinantes. La sección se divide en cuatro subsecciones: (1) información y métodos utilizados; (2) reducción del riesgo de muerte en dos grupos de edad adulta (20 a 49 y 50 a 79 años); (3) análisis del riesgo de muerte por distintas causas; y (4) análisis de la mortalidad de adultos por cantón.