Luis Rosero Bixby
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Item Cáncer en Costa Rica : epidemiología descriptiva : mortalidad 1970-1990, incidencia 1984-1990(Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1995) Sierra Ramos, Rafaela; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Antich Montero, Daniel; Muñoz. GeorginaEn la incidencia de algunos cánceres en las últimas décadas hace que esta enfermedad sea un problema para la salud de nuestra civilización y para la longevidad lograda por esta. El cáncer constituye uno de los problemas de salud más serios en Costa Rica. Es tal la gravedad de esta patología que en la actualidad es la segunda causa de muerte, solo superada por las cardiópatas. Para apreciar la magnitud de esta situación podemos decir que cada dos horas y media, un costarricense se convierte en enfermo canceroso y aproximadamente cada cuatro horas fallece una persona por esa causa. Los éxitos alcanzados en nuestro país en el área de la Salud Pública, relacionados con las mejoras económicas y sociales de la población, han logrado que la esperanza de vida de nuestros habitantes sea de 75 años. Paradójicamente, este éxito ha ido acompañado de una mayor incidencia de cardiopatias y cáncer. Estas enfermedades estarán presentes de forma importante en el futuro, y es necesario enfrentarlas previniendo en lo posible las causas; si esto no se logra, es importante realizar un diagnóstico temprano para lograr la cura más adecuada. Este libro sobre El Cáncer en Costa Rica. Epidemiología descriptiva, viene a llenar un vacío en la literatura médica del país, la lucha contra esta enfermedad es compleja. Necesitamos mayor conocimiento no solo de las manifestaciones clínicas y de los medios apropiadas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento terapéutico, sino también de la epidemiología de dicho mal en el país. El conocimiento sobre la incidencia y la mortalidad de los tipos más frecuentes del cáncer, su distribución geográfica y las características de las poblaciones de mayor riesgo ayudará a una mejor planificación de los servicios de salud. Esta información también será útil para el estudio de las causas y en la prevención de esta patología. Todos estos aspectos hacen que el libro cobre un gran valor. Este estudio es producto del esfuerzo permanente que la distinguida investigadora M. Se. Rafaela Sierra viene realizando en Costa Rica, desde hace varios años, en el área de la epidemiología de varíe» cánceres, especialmente, del cáncer gástrico. Cuenta en esta oportunidad con la colaboración de conocidos y respetados especialistas en el campo de la demografía como el Dr. Luis Rosen) Bixby, de la informática como el Sr. Daniel Antich y como la técnica en archivos médicos y jefa del Registro Nacional de Tumores. Sra. Georgina Muñoz. Este grupo constituye una garantía de la seriedad con que se ha hecho el trabajo y de su calidad.Item Demographic diversity and change in the Central American Isthmus(RAND, 1997) Pebley, Anne R.; Rosero Bixby, LuisThe chapters in this volume were originally presented at the International Conference on the Population of the Central American Isthmus, organized by the Central American Population Program (PCP) at the University of Costa Rica in collaboration with colleagues at RAND. Both the papers at the conference and the subset that are included in this volume represent research in a broad range of disciplines including demography, public health, anthropology, history, sociology, human ecology, and economics. The conference played an important role in bringing together an international group of researchers working on related issues in the region. The objective of this volume is to provide, in one central location, a collection of recent research on demographic, social, and environmental issues in the Central American Isthmus for English-speaking readers, both those who are not familiar with the region and those who know it well. For Spanish-speakers, the same collection of papers has been independently published as De los Mayas a la planificación familiar: DemografÍa del Istmo (L. Rosero Bixby, A. Pebley, and A. Bermúdez Méndez, editors) by the Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. This book is the first English-language collection of recent research on demographic, social, and environmental issues in Central America. The region's experience with ethnic and cultural identity provides food for thought for scholars concerned with the meaning of ethnicity and the consequences of cultural change. Countries in the region also have grapppled with the complex issues of promoting economic growth and reducing poverty while avoiding environmental destruction. The chapters in this volume provide important and often novel insights into these and many other demographic, social, and policy issues in the Central American Isthmus. For the first time in the English language, Central America's rich demographic history comes into focus in this volume. Editors Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby provide the first and only English translations of works originally presented at the International Conference on the Population of the Central American Isthmus. The chapters in this volume offer insights on a broad range of subjects, including estimates of the indigenous population, differences in education and earnings, trends in fertility and maternal and child health, migration, the environment, and many other demographic, social, and policy issues in the region.Item Confirmación histológica del diagnóstico de cáncer cérvico uterino en Costa Rica 1982-84(Acta Médica Costarricense, Vol. 33; No, 3, 1990) Oberle, Mark W.; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Saeed, MekbelUn panel de patólogos costarricenses efectuó un análisis histológico de las biopsias de 677 casos de cáncer de cuello de útero in situ e invasor diagnosticados en Costa Rica en 1982 - 1984. El panel confirmó el diagnóstico inicial del 81% de los casos de cáncer in situ y del 72% de los casos de cáncer invasor. El panel redigo la severidad del diagnóstico a displasia u otra lesión no cancerosa en el 12% de los casos de cáncer in situ y en el 3% de los casos de cáncer invasor. El 8% de los casos de cáncer invasor fueron reclasificados como in situ. Un 9% adicional podrían ser reclasificados en el mismo sentido, pero hay dudas sobre el diagnóstico definitivo. El error más grave ocurrió en 3% de los casos Inicialmente diagnosticados como de cáncer in situ los cuales fueron reclasificados por el panel como cáncer invasor, pero este error probablemente no afectó el tratamiento de las pacientes. Las modificaciones en el diagnóstico obtenidos en el presente estudio pueden derivarse de un examen más cuidadoso efectuado por el panel o de la dificultad propia del diagnóstico histológico del cáncer de cuello de útero.Item Actividad sexual prematrimonial en Costa Rica : incidencia, tendencias y determinantes(Perspectivas Internacionales en Planificación Familiar, número especial 1991, 1991) Rosero Bixby, LuisSegún un modelo de riesgo en que se utilizaron datos retrospectivos de una muestra nacional de mujeres costarricenses de entre 15 y 24 años entrevistadas en 1986, cada año aproximadamente el 10 por ciento de las mujeres de entre 17 y 19 años—la edad más proclive a la iniciación sexual prematrimonial— comienzan su vida sexual activa. La proporción acumulada de mujeres que han tenido relaciones sexuales antes del matrimonio a los 20 años es del 38 por ciento. Estos datos no corroboran la creencia popular de que la actividad sexual prematrimonial ha aumentado entre las cohortes más jóvenes, pues las de menor edad tendieron a registrar menos riesgo de actividad sexual que las cohortes mayores. La educación reduce el riesgo de sexo prematrimonial, mientras que estar comprometida para casarse lo aumenta marcadamente. En las comunidades con grandes porcentajes de uniones consensúales, la probabilidad de sexo prematrimonial es mayor, tendiendo a atenuarse los efectos restrictivos de la educación.Item A population-based serosurveillance of syphilis in Costa Rica(Reprinted from Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vol. 18, no. 2 (april-June 1991), 1991) Larsen, Sandra A.; Oberle, Mark W.; Sánchez Braverman, Juana M.; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Vetter, Kathleen M.As part of a case-control study to investigate the high incidence of cervical cancer in Costa Rican women, the seroprevalence of the trepnematoses, in particular, syphilis was determined. In each age group, women with a history of two or more sex partners were two to four times more likely to be seroreactive in tests for syphilis than women with zero or one sex partner. The highest percentage of reactive results in the microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Trepnema pallidum (MHATP) was seen in samples from women aged 50-59 who had had two or more lifetime partners (23.8%). Three observations from our study support reactivity due to syphilis rather than yaws or pinta: ( /) a similar percent of reactive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test results among MHA-TP reactors in the two age groups of women who were surveyed (42 vs. 49%) was observed; (2) women who were seroreactive in the MHA-TP had multiple risk factors for STD (low socioeconomic status (9.4%), urban residence (22.8%), first intercourse under 16 years of age (14.1%), and multiple sex partners (26.3%)|, and (j) only sexually experienced women had reactive results in the MHA-TP test.Item A new look at the determinants of nonnumerical response to desired family size : the case of Costa Rica(Demography, Vol. 30, no. 2, 1993) Riley, Ann P.; Hermalin, Albert I.; Rosero Bixby, LuisHigh levels of nonresponse or inappropriate response to items are a persistent concern in survey research because those who do not answer may not be representative of the study population. Thus nonresponse introduces potential bias in the point estimates as well as in multivariate analyses, which use the responses in question as either an independent or a dependent variable. Researchers often have little recourse but to form a "don't know” or "not available" category from the failure to respond (or to be responsive). They must either omit these cases, treat them as a separate category, or impute a value on the basis of other characteristics of the respondent (Croft 1991; Kalton and Kasprzyk 1986).Item Modelling diffusion effects in fertility transition(Population Studies, No. 47, 1993) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Casterline, John B.Mathematical models bind theory to precise formulations, and by doing so accentuate logical inconsistences in theories and facilitate their testing. In this article we explore the implications of simple mathematical models of fertility transition that contain social interaction diffusion effects. We put forward the hypothesis that diffusion effects act as a third type of causal agent of fertility transition, above and beyond the traditionally studied demand and supply factors. Substantial historical and contemporary evidence points to the existence of diffusion effects on the timing and pace of fertility transition.' Among the pieces of evidence most commonly cited are the fact that fertility declines have occurred under a wide variety of social and economic circumstances, with the pace of decline frequently outpacing the rate of socio-economic change; the irreversibility and rapid pace of decline; the remarkable spatial and temporal patterning of fertility decline in terms of linguistic, ethnic, and cultural boundaries; and, in contemporary developing societies, the relatively small cross-societal and temporal variation in stated reproductive preferences, as compared to the variation in levels of fertility and contraceptive behaviour in the same populations.Item Physical accessibility to health facilities in Costa Rica(International population conference Montreal. UNFPA, 1993) Rosero Bixby, LuisThis paper estimates physical accessibility to health services in Costa Rican communities and identifies target geographic areas for opening new health facilities. The analyses use geographic information system (GIS) methods and relies on the concept of population potential. The paper aims at illustrating the use of simple GIS techniques for solving an important problem with demographic connotations. Measuring physical access of individuals and populations to health or other public services is crucial in planning the opening of new facilities, evaluating program's impact, and understanding changes in fertility and mortality. Besides, displaying accessibility information on maps is essential to describe a situation, to have a feeling of topological relationships, and to facilitate the use of information by decision makers. Research and evaluation of health and family planning programs have approached the issue of measuring accessibility in a casual way, coming out with common-sense solutions that are far from satisfactory. Some of these common-sense measures of accessibility is the distance to the nearest outlet, the presence of outlets in a community or area, density of services in an area, and the services available in a determined radius. All of these measures have drawbacks that have hampered the inquiries about the relationship between physical access and health and contraceptive behaviour. This paper addresses the following research issues involved in measuring access (National Research Council, 1991): * Contamination across communities: Often people use services located in communities or administrative divisions other than those in which they live.. The lack of services in their communities, or convenience considerations, are causes for this behaviour. Access measures of the type "density of services in an area" do not reflect this contamination effect and can be seriously biased. * Overlapping services: Different organizations may offer similar or related services in a community (e.g., ministry of health, social security, ONGs). This situation -- which is frequent in health services in Latin America -- presents aggregation problems and it is not properly handled by "the nearest outlet" approach. * Competition for services: Access to a clinic will be substantially different if this is the only facility in a big dty than it is in a small town. Competition for services in heavily populated areas reduces the access to them. This circumstance is not considered by only-distance measures of accessibility.Item The effect of using different reference dates for control exposure measurement on relative risk estimates in a case-control study(Journal Clinical Epidemiologycal, Vol. 46, no. 5, 1993) Rampey, Alvin H.; Irwin, Kathleen L.; Oberle, Mark W.; Kinchen, Steven; Lee, Nancy C.; Marsden, Anne; Rosero Bixby, LuisArtículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Saud. 1993. Debido a las políticas de la revista en la que el artículo fue publicado, no es posible distribuir la edición del editor/PDF. In case-control studies in which case and control enrollment periods are not identical, exposure status for time-dependent variables is often measured relative to a reference date. Using data from a case-control study of the relation between cervical cancer and oral contraceptive (OC) use in which control enrollment began 6 months after the end of case enrollment, we evaluated the effect on odds ratios from using five different reference dates to determine the controls' exposure status. The choice of reference date had little effect on the odds ratios in this study. Reference dates for time-dependent exposure variables should be considered carefully in studies when case and control enrollment periods are not identical.Item Studies of the Costa Rican Model I: Peace, Health and Development in Costa Rica(Studies of the Costa Rican model I : peace, health and development in Costa Rica. A Nobel Seminar. University of Goteborg and The Nodrdic School of Public Health, 1993) Rosero Bixby, LuisCosta Ricans have cultivated peace and democracy for decades. They have also achieved outstanding levels of health. Their economic well-being is not so good, however. The 1949 constitution abolished the armed forces in this small Central American country. By 1990, life expectancy at birth was over 75 years - a figure similar to those of Germany or the USA. In contrast, per capita gross national product (GNP) was about a tenth that in the USA or Japan and slightly below the Latin American average. This paper explores the connections between peace, development and health achievements in Costa Rica.