Luis Rosero Bixby
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Item Interethnic differences in the accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity in screening for high risk of coronary heart disease(International Journal of Obesity, 33(5), 2009) Herrea, VM.; Casas, Juan P.; Miranda, JJ.; Perel, P.; Pichardo, R.; González, A.; Sánchez, José R.; Ferreccio, Catterina.; Aguilera, X.; Silva, E.; Oróstegui, Myriam; Gómez, LF.; Chirinos, JA.; Lezama, Medina J.; Pérez, Cynthia M.; Suárez, E.; Ortiz. AP.; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Schapochnik, Noberto; Ortiz, Zulma; Ferrante, Daniel; Diaz, M.; Bautista, LE.Obesity is a recognized risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and for allcause mortality among ethnic groups in the United States.1,2 Also among Latin Americans, that is, Hispanics living in their country of origin, obesity doubles the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)3 and seems to contribute to an excess of 18 to 49% in the risk of coronary events.4 In view of the large impact of obesity on cardiovascular risk, anthropometric indicators of obesity are commonly used as a tool to identify individuals and populations at high risk of cardiovascular events. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of overall obesity, whereas waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are used as indicators of abdominal obesity. Although these obesity indicators have been independently associated with CHD incidence and mortality in different populations,5-7 several investigators and public health organizations have recently questioned whether cut points derived from Whites from Europe and the United States are appropriate for use in other populations.8-10 For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently suggested lowering BMI action cut points to 23 and 27.5 kg/m2 for Asians, 8 and the International Diabetes Federation’s guidelines for assessing metabolic syndrome recommends the use of South Asian’s WC cut points for Latin Americans and makes no recommendation for cut points among Blacks from the United States.11 In this study we used data from six Latin-American countries and from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to compare the accuracy of BMI, WC and WHR, that is, their ability to correctly classify individuals as having a high or a low risk of CHD.Item X-ray screening seems to reduce gastric cancer mortality by half in a community-controlled trial in Costa Rica(British Journal of Cancer 97, 2007) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Sierra Ramos, RafaelaX-ray screening of gastric cancer is broadly used in Japan, although no controlled trial has proved its effectiveness. This study evaluates the impact of an X-ray screening demonstrative intervention to reduce gastric cancer mortality in a Costa Rican region. The evaluation follows a quasi-experimental, community-controlled design, with measures before and after. About 7000 individuals participated by invitation in the two-wave screening programme. X-ray screening was followed by videoendoscopy and gastric biopsies. Treatment included resection with or without lymph node dissection. Comparisons with two control groups estimate that gastric cancer mortality was halved in the period from 2 to 7 years after the first screening visit. Validity of X-rays as used in this intervention had 88% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and 3% predictive value for individuals with two screening visits. Incidence in the screened group increased up to four times. Case survival was 85% in the intervention group after 5 years, compared to 12% among the controls before the intervention and 35% among the controls in the same region after the intervention. Although X-ray mass screening seems able to reduce stomach cancer mortality, its high cost may be an obstacle for scaling up this intervention in a nonrich country like Costa Rica.