Fecundidad y Planificación familiar
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Item Deux siècles d'illégitimité au Costa Rica 1770-1974(Academic Press, 1981) Pérez Brignoli, HéctorUn coup d'oeil sur des données récentes nous permet d'inclure le Costa Rica parmi les pays d’Amérique latine qui ont des pourcentages de naissances illégitimes relativement bas. De même, les indices de nuptialité hors du cadre juridique y sont modérés (voir tableau I). Cependant, il faut remarquer que ces proportions ne peuvent être considérées comme faibles que dans le contexte latino-américain. Il suffit de les comparer aux chiffres européens bien connus1 pour y trouver ce que nous pouvons appeler des "gradations du phénomène”. Ces variations sont associées, dans chaque pays, au nombre relatif des unions libres. Dam le cas du Costa Rica, le problème des sources se pose; il est difficile de déceler leurs irrégularités. Avant 1950, on ne peut calculer des proportions de naissances illégitimes. Les chiffres sont fournis par les archives paroissiales et par l'état civil, dont les données statistiques ont été publiées régulièrement depuis 1907. Comme ces proportions sont calculées par rapport au nombre total des naissances, il faut être prudent,2 surtout quand on travaille sur de petites populations. Les mesures de fécondité légitime et illégitime élaborées par A.J. Coale* permettraient de faire des comparaisons intéressantes, mais elles ne peuvent être calculées que pour les années 1950, 1963 et 1973. Encore le calcul de l’indice de fécondité illégitime exige-t-il de nombreuses précautions. Nous allons donner un aperçu du phénomène de l’illégitimité dans la Vallée Centrale du Costa Rica, depuis le dernier quart du dix-huitième siècle. Des données plus amples nous permettront de constater des variations régionales significatives dès 1&10. Enfin, nous étudierons la fécondité légitime et illégitime du pays tout entier depuis 1950, tout en essayant d’esquisser les caractères fondamentaux de la nuptialité.Item Estimación de la fecundidad cantonal para Costa Rica: aplicación de una variante al método Paridez/Fecundidad de Brass(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 11, número 2 (enero-junio 2014), 2014) Carballo Murillo, NataliaEl propósito de este artículo es validar una variante al método Paridez/Fecundidad de Brass, para situaciones en las que el censo no pregunta sobre la fecundidad del último año, que compara los índices sintéticos de fecundidad a nivel cantonal obtenidos con la aplicación de la variante al método, con la información de las tasas de fecundidad cantonales obtenidas con el procesamiento de las estadísticas vitales. Para ello, se utilizará la información de las rondas censales de 1973, 1984, 2000 y 2011, y la información de las estadísticas vitales sobre nacimientos, cuyo año de ocurrencia coincida con el año censal; ambos datos para las mujeres costarricenses entre los 15-49 años. La variante al método consistió en usar los menores de un año empadronados como si fueran los nacimientos de los últimos doce meses. A pesar de la tendencia observada a la disminución, en la diferencia de los ISF a nivel cantonal, es evidente una sobreestimación, en algunos casos bastante considerable, de los ISF cantonal con la variante al método P/F con respecto a los datos obtenidos con los nacimientos de las estadísticas vitales. Tal situación de disminución, de forma general, puede estar relacionada con el mejoramiento en el registro de los nacimientos y en el empadronamiento e identificación de los hijos con madrastras y nacimientos múltiples.Item Modelling diffusion effects in fertility transition(Population Studies, No. 47, 1993) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Casterline, John B.Mathematical models bind theory to precise formulations, and by doing so accentuate logical inconsistences in theories and facilitate their testing. In this article we explore the implications of simple mathematical models of fertility transition that contain social interaction diffusion effects. We put forward the hypothesis that diffusion effects act as a third type of causal agent of fertility transition, above and beyond the traditionally studied demand and supply factors. Substantial historical and contemporary evidence points to the existence of diffusion effects on the timing and pace of fertility transition.' Among the pieces of evidence most commonly cited are the fact that fertility declines have occurred under a wide variety of social and economic circumstances, with the pace of decline frequently outpacing the rate of socio-economic change; the irreversibility and rapid pace of decline; the remarkable spatial and temporal patterning of fertility decline in terms of linguistic, ethnic, and cultural boundaries; and, in contemporary developing societies, the relatively small cross-societal and temporal variation in stated reproductive preferences, as compared to the variation in levels of fertility and contraceptive behaviour in the same populations.Item Interaction diffusion and fertility transition in Costa Rica(Social Forces; Vol. 73, No. 2, 1994) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Casterline, John B.A long-standing concern of sociologists is the contribution of diffusion processes to social change. This article considers the contribution of social interaction diffusion to the fertility transition in Costa Rica, focusing on person-to-person contagion. Several prominent features of the Costa Rican transition suggest the existence of interaction diffusion effects, notably its pervasiveness toward all socioeconomic strata and the lack of evidence of a downward shift in family size preferences. Maps of the timing of fertility transition show an ordered spatial pattern suggestive of contagion between neighboring areas. A dynamic regression model estimated from pooled time series data for 100 counties reveals inter- and within-county diffusion effects on birth control adoption net of socioeconomic and family-planning program effects.Item Child mortality and the fertility transition: aggregated and multilevel evidence from Costa Rica(From death to birth: mortality decline and reproductive change. National Academy Press, 1998) Rosero Bixby, LuisThe author explores whether reduced child mortality is needed in order to realize fertility transition by examining empirical evidence from Costa Rica, a developing country which decreased both child mortality and birth rates. Costa Rica's record is examined at the aggregate and individual levels. A strong association between child mortality and fertility is well documented in the literature. The role of child mortality on contemporary fertility transitions is considered, with geographic information system data used to obtain a clear definition of the area within a radius of 5 km in rural areas and 1 km in urban areas from the index household. Focus is given to the adoption of family planning for the first time as the dependent variable. Costa Rican national trends during the century are analyzed, followed by an examination of the role of child mortality upon the fertility transition at the micro- and macro-level. The analysis at each level first explores bivariate associations, then the multivariate associations with the purpose of isolating net effects. The macro-level analysis is based upon data from 89 Costa Rican counties.Item Interaction, Diffusion, and Fertility Transition in Costa Rica: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence(Dynamics of Values in Fertility Change. Oxford University Press, 1999) Rosero Bixby, LuisThis chapter examines the role played by diffusion through social interaction in the Costa Rican fertility transition. The literature about the causes of fertility transition has traditionally focused on the socio-economic and cultural determinants of the motivation for having large or small families. To a somewhat lesser degree, it has also considered supply factors limiting or facilitating access to contraception, that is, the role of family planning programmes. The concern here is with the third type of causal agent of fertility transition, that is, the autonomous spread, or contagiousness, of fertility control. If Costa Rican data support the proposition that social contagion processes shaped fertility decline, then an empirical foundation exists for Simmons's claim that 'programmes may generate their own demand through diffusion from early users to others'.Item The co-occurrence of correct and incorrect HIV transmission knowledge and perceived risk for HIV among women of childbearing age in El Salvador(Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 5, no. 8, 2000) London, Andrew S.; Robles Soto, ArodysThis article examines the co-occurrence of correct and incorrect knowledge about documented and undocumented modes of HIV transmission among women of childbearing age in El Salvador, and the relationship between HIV transmission knowledge and perceived risk. Incorrect beliefs about HIV transmission co-occur at high levels with, and are largely independent of, accurate knowledge about documented modes of transmission. The co-occurrence of correct and incorrect HIV transmission knowledge was shown to have important implications for perceived risk. Both correct and incorrect HIV transmission knowledge increased the odds of risk perception; uncertainty about risk was decreased among those with higher levels of correct knowledge and increased among those with higher levels of incorrect knowledge. Among those who considered themselves to be at some risk for HIV, higher levels of correct knowledge reduced uncertainty about the degree of risk, while higher levels of incorrect knowledge increased the degree of risk perceived. High levels of endorsement of the documented modes of HIV transmission do not necessarily indicate accurate or adequate knowledge about HIV transmission in the population. Co-occurring inaccurate beliefs about undocumented modes of transmission reflect cultural understandings of contagion and disease, and influence how individuals make sense of medical-scientific information about transmission. Our results suggest that the co-occurrence of correct and incorrect HIV transmission knowledge shapes individual-level risk perceptions. Given the independence of accurate knowledge and inaccurate beliefs, HIV/AIDS education and prevention programs must seek to directly undermine inaccurate beliefs about HIV transmission as part of their efforts to promote behavior change.Item Population Programs and Fertility(Population and Development Review; Volumen 27, Número: Global Fertility Transition, 2001) Rosero Bixby, LuisUnderstanding the rationale and sources of support for population programs is crucial for assessing their impact and chances of survival. One of the most notable features of population agencies and programs is that not long ago—in the 1950s—they were unthinkable. "To govern is to populate" was the unquestioned principle of good government attributed to Juan Bautista Alberdi, the nineteenth-century statesman and philosopher from Argentina. How did governments come to abandon this principle and establish birth control programs (later called euphemistically "family planning" and "reproductive health" programs)? The answer "rapid population growth" or "high demographic density" may seem obvious to demographers but it is not so obvious for politicians, especially considering the opposition to birth control by religious authorities and other powerful interest groups and the nationalist pride associated with large populations.Item Efecto de la Escolaridad sobre la Fecundidad en Nicaragua(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica; Volumen 4, Número 1, 2006) Bonilla Carrión, Róger EnriqueSon muchos los estudios que han mostrado la asociación inversa existente entre la escolaridad y la fecundidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar el efecto de la escolaridad sobre la fecundidad, en una muestra de 11246 mujeres de Nicaragua. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión de Poisson en donde la variable respuesta Y fue el número de hijos nacidos vivos de la mujer y la variable independiente fue la escolaridad, controlando por otros efectos como zona de residencia, tenencia de empleo, uso actual de métodos anticonceptivos, edad y una medida del nivel informativo de la mujer. Los modelos propuestos son significativos (p < 0.05) el hecho de tener escolaridad primaria hace que el riesgo de tener hijos adicionales sea 13% menor con respecto a las mujeres que no tienen escolaridad alguna. El riesgo para las mujeres con escolaridad secundaria es 40% menor (Modelo 1). El efecto interactivo de la escolaridad secundaria y más y la edad es significativo ( < 0.05) (Modelo 2). El estudio suministra información útil para el apropiado diseño de políticas públicas y programas educativos.Item The declining effect of sibling size on children's education in Costa Rica(Demographic Research; Volumen 31, Número 48, 2014) Li, Jing; Dow, William H.; Rosero Bixby, LuisBackground: Costa Rica experienced a dramatic fertility decline in the 1960s and 1970s. The same period saw substantial improvement in children’s educational attainment in Costa Rica. This correlation is consistent with household-level quantity-quality tradeoffs, but prior research on quantity-quality tradeoff magnitudes is mixed, and little research has estimated quantity-quality tradeoff behaviors in Latin America. Objective: This study explores one dimension of the potential demographic dividend from the fertility decline: the extent to which it was accompanied by quantity-quality tradeoffs leading to higher educational attainment. Specifically, we provide the first estimate of quantity-quality tradeoffs in Costa Rica, analyzing the increase in secondary school attendance among Costa Rican children as the number of siblings decreases. Furthermore, we advance the literature by exploring how that tradeoff has changed over time. Methods: We use 1984 and 2000 Costa Rican census data as well as survey data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES). To address endogenous family size, the analysis uses an instrumental variable strategy based on the gender of the first two children to identify the causal relationship between number of siblings and children’s education. Results: We find that, among our earlier cohorts, having fewer siblings is associated with a significantly higher probability of having attended at least one year of secondary school, particularly among girls. The effect is stronger after we account for the endogeneity of number of children born by the mother. For birth cohorts after 1980 this relationship largely disappears. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence for a declining quantity-quality (Q-Q) tradeoff in Costa Rica. This result suggests one potential explanation for the heterogeneous findings in prior studies elsewhere, but more work will be required to understand why such tradeoffs might vary across time and context.