Envejecimiento
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Item Diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores costarricenses(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica. Revista Electrónica, Vol. 5(1), artículo 2, 2007) Brenes Camacho, Gilbert; Rosero Bixby, LuisPoblación y Salud en Mesoamérica - Volumen 5, número 1, artículo 2, jul - dic 2007 Número especial CRELES - Costa Rica: Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable http://ccp.ucr.ac.cr/revista/ 2Diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores costarricenses1Gilbert Brenes-Camacho2, Luis Rosero-Bixby3RESUMEN El propósito del artículo es describir la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus (DM) entre los adultos mayores costarricenses. Se analiza la magnitud de la prevalencia, los problemas de medición de la misma, así como los factores asociados con la enfermedad, la enfermedad controlada, y el tener niveles altos de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C) entre la población sin diagnóstico previo de DM. Una cuarta parte de los adultos mayores de Costa Rica padecen de DM y cerca de la mitad de los que la padecen, no la tienen controlada. Los factores asociados con la prevalencia de la enfermedad son los usuales destacados por la literatura científica: actividad física, obesidad e historia familiar de DM. Se halla evidencia de un posible problema de acceso diferencial a servicios de control de DM, ya que los adultos mayores que habitan fuera de la gran área metropolitana de San José tienen un riesgo menor de tener controlada su enfermedad. Los adultos mayores sin pensión también tienen un riesgo mayor de tener niveles altos de HbA1C.Item The pace of convergence of population aging in Latin America: opportunities and challenges(Organization of Suzana Cavenaghi. Asociación Latinoamericana de Población (ALAP), 2009) Brenes Camacho, GilbertSome of the fastest demographic transitions in the world have been observed in Latin American countries. Fertility and mortality declining have occurred in less than half the time observed in industrialized countries. Population aging is also occurring rapidly in the region. However, its socioeconomic consequences take longer to happen. Socioeconomic disadvantages experienced by current cohorts of Latin American elderly are more resistant to change over time because of the persistence of cohort effects. The slower pace of population aging with respect to other demographic dynamics translates into both opportunities and challenges. This paper intends to describe the differences in the population aging process across Latin American countries, and how these differences can show the path for institutional changes that can improve the welfare of Latin American nations. The paper will first explore how advanced different Latin American countries are in their population aging process. The paper will link this information with data about Social Security coverage among the labor force, labor force formalization and availability of caretakers. Countries that are demographic transition leaders have had higher proportions of educated people, as well as proactive governments that created welfare institutions that still benefit the population in most need. On the contrary, most of the countries that are still going through the transition have been characterized by income and wealth inequality and an absence of political disposition to advance human development policies. The countries that are still far away in their aging process will be able to avail from their demographic situation consensus to develop policies and institutions that improve the human development of their populations can be reached. The article concludes highlighting the need for reforms in terms of Social Security coverage, not only pension reform, for securing the well-being of Latin American elderly in the near futureItem Rezagados durante la crisis económica: pobreza entre adultos mayores en Costa Rica(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica; Volumen 2, Número 1, artículo 1, 2004) Brenes Camacho, GilbertThe economic crisis at the beginning of the eighties had an impact on the 20 th -century Costa Rica in many different ways. Government programs were successful in reducing the proportion of poor people from a 35% in 1985 to a 23% in 2000. This article utilizes official household surveys corresponding to the period 1981-2002 and population census to perform an estimation of age, cohort and period effects, in order to show that poverty among the elderly can be understood as a cohort effect. Their poverty conditions are associated with their low schooling, mainly among men. The probability of having the right to a retirement pension and the fact that the people with lower educational level got low income during their late working years, mediate in the relationship between schooling and poverty as a cohort effect.Item Left behind in the economic crisis: poverty among the elderly in Costa Rica(California Center for Population Research, vol.36(10), 2005) Brenes Camacho, GilbertAbstract The economic crisis at the beginning of the eighties impacted 20th-century Costa Rica in many different ways. Government programs were successful in reducing the proportion of poor people from 35% in 1985 to 23% in 2000. This article utilizes official Household Surveys corresponding to the period 1981-2002 and Population Censuses to perform an estimation of age, cohort, and period effects, in order to show that poverty among the elderly can be understood as a cohort effect. Their poverty conditions are associated with their low schooling, mainly among men. The probability of having the right to a retirement pension and the fact that individuals with lower educational levels earned low income during their later working years, intervene in the relationship between schooling and poverty as a cohort effect. Soon after the end of the civil war in 1948, Costa Rica underwent political and economic changes that aided the expansion of the social benefits initialized in the 40’s, such as universalizing Social Security, promoting health and educational policy, and providing infrastructure and services to both rural and urban communities. Nevertheless, at the end of the 70’s, increasing oil prices had a strong negative impact on many countries around the world. Costa Rica was no exception, and during the 1980 – 1982 period it went through an economic crisis characterized by hyperinflation, increased unemployment and underemployment rates, and the declaration of a moratorium on foreign debt payments (Barahona Montero 1999a). The governments after 1982 were relatively successful in promoting economic recovery by changing the development model based on import substitution to one promoting non-traditional product exports and tourism (Barahona Montero 1999a, González Mejía 1999). In spite of the recovery and public policies designed to combat poverty, since 1991, it has not been possible to reduce the proportion of poor households below 18%, maintaining an annual average of around 20%.2 In addition, economists consider that within this one-fifth of the nation’s population, there is a group of “hard-core poor”, i.e., persons who systematically live on a minimal income, and who cannot easily climb out of their chronic condition (Proyecto Estado de la Nación-PEN 2002). One group in which the proportion of poor is relatively high with regard to the rest of the population is that of the elderly: 31% of individuals 65 or more years of age live in households with incomes below the poverty line, according to the 2002 Encuesta de Hogares (National Household Survey). The objective of this paper is to show that if poverty among the elderly is associated with structural characteristics within this group of the population, its incidence can be represented as a cohort effect. In other words, a large percentage of the Costa Rican elderly would be living in poverty, not because old age leads to poverty, but because the characteristics that they acquired throughout their lives – given the historical moments they lived – make them more susceptible to being poor, in comparison with other groups born more recently. In order to provide separate estimates of the cohort, age, and period effects, we consolidated the Encuestas de Hogares from 1980 to 2002, whose basic dependent variable is the proportion of persons living in poor households. The paper presents variations of these effects produced by the inclusion of certain independent variables in the model, in particular the level of education of the cohorts. It also emphasizes the importance of the economic crisis at the beginning of the 80’s on the incidence of poverty among the elderly, and at the end of the paper, we relate this phenomenon to educational levels among these generations and their access to Social Security.Item Favourable changes in economic well-being and self-rated health among the elderly(Social Science & Medicine. Vol 72. Núm 8, 2011) Brenes Camacho, GilbertAdverse economic shocks exert an influence on health perceptions, but little is known about the effect of sudden positive changes in a person’s financial situation on self-rated health, particularly among low income people. This paper explores the association between an increase in the amount of non-contribution pensions, public cash transfers given to Costa Rican elderly of low socio-economic status (SES) and changes in self-rated health over time. The analysis is based on data from CRELES, the “Costa Rican Study on Longevity and Healthy Aging”, which is based on a probabilistic sample of people born in 1945 or earlier, and living in Costa Rica by 2002. The fieldwork for the first and second waves of CRELES was conducted from 2004 to 2006, and from 2006 to 2008, respectively. The Costa Rican Government raised the amount of the non-contribution pension for the poor 100% before July 2007, and an additional 100% after that date. Due to the CRELES fieldwork schedule, the data have a natural quasi-experimental design, given that approximately half of CRELES respondents were interviewed before July 2007, independently of their status in receiving the public cash transfers. Using random effects ordered probit regression models, we find that people who experienced such increase report a greater improvement in self-rated health between waves than those who experienced a smaller increase and than the rest of the interviewees. Results suggest that increases in income may lead to a greater improvement in self-rated healthItem Análisis de secuencias en el estudio del envejecimiento(El envejecimiento en América Latina: evidencia empírica y cuestiones metodológicas. Asociación Latinoamericana de Población (ALAP), 2012) Brenes Camacho, GilbertEl objetivo principal del artículo es estudiar el vínculo entre la percepción subjetiva sobre la situación económica propia y una serie de medidas objetivas de bienestar socioeconómico –fuentes de ingresos, tenencia de vivienda, nivel educativo y transferencias familiares informales de dinero– entre adultos mayores de dos países Latinoamericanos: México y Costa Rica. Los datos se obtienen de las primeras rondas de dos encuestas sobre envejecimiento: CRELES para Costa Rica y ENASEM para México. La variable dependiente más importante se obtiene de las respuestas a las pregunta “¿Cómo califica su situación económica actual?” en Costa Rica y “¿Diría usted que su situación económica es...?” en México. Para ambas encuestas, las respuestas se codificaron en forma binaria; el código 0 representa las categorías Excelente, muy buena y Buena, y el código 1 representa a las categorías Regular y mala. Se encontró que el ingreso por jubilación es un importante determinante de la percepción de bienestar en ambos países. En Costa Rica, el ingreso del cónyuge y la tenencia de vivienda son importantes predictores de la percepción de bienestar, mientras que en México, los ingresos por transferencias están fuertemente asociados con dicha percepción.Item Factores socioeconómicos asociados a la percepción de situación socioeconómica entre adultos mayores de dos países latinomericanos(Revista de Ciencias Económicas; Ciencias Económicas: Volumen 31, Número 1, 2013) Brenes Camacho, GilbertEl objetivo principal del artículo es estudiar el vínculo entre la percepción subjetiva sobre la situación económica propia y una serie de medidas objetivas de bienestar socioeconómico –fuentes de ingresos, tenencia de vivienda, nivel educativo y transferencias familiares informales de dinero– entre adultos mayores de dos países Latinoamericanos: México y Costa Rica. Los datos se obtienen de las primeras rondas de dos encuestas sobre envejecimiento: CRELES para Costa Rica y ENASEM para México. La variable dependiente más importante se obtiene de las respuestas a las pregunta “¿Cómo califica su situación económica actual?” en Costa Rica y “¿Diría usted que su situación económica es…?” en México. Para ambas encuestas, las respuestas se codificaron en forma binaria; el código 0 representa las categorías Excelente, Muy buena y Buena, y el código 1 representa a las categorías Regular y Mala. Se encontró que el ingreso por jubilación es un importante determinante de la percepción de bienestar en ambos países. En Costa Rica, el ingreso del cónyuge y la tenencia de vivienda son importantes predictores de la percepción de bienestar, mientras que en México, los ingresos por transferencias están fuertemente asociados con dicha percepción. The article´s main goal is to study the relationship between subjective perception of own economic situation and objective measures of economic well-being –sources of income, home ownership, education level, and informal family transfers– among the elderly in two Latin American countries: Mexico and Costa Rica. The data come from two surveys about ageing: CRELES in Costa Rica and MHAS in Mexico. The most important dependent variables is derived from the answer to the question “How would you rate your current economic situation? in Costa Rica, and “Would you say that your current economic situation is…?” in Mexico. For both surveys, the answers were coded as a binary variable; code 0 represents the Excellent, Very Good, and Good categories, while the code 1 represents the Fair or Bad categories. The analysis finds that retirement pension income is an important factor for defining self-rated economic situation in both countries. In Costa Rica, spouse’s income and home ownership are relevant predictors for the perception of well-being, while in Mexico, receiving transfer income is associated with this perception.Item Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study(Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Springer Cham, 2019) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Dow, William H.; Brenes Camacho, GilbertThe Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES, or Costa Rica Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable) is a set of nationally representative longitudinal surveys of health and life-course experiences of older Costa Ricans, conducted by the University of Costa Rica’s Centro Centroamericano de Población in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. CRELES is part of the growing set of Health and Retirement Surveys being conducted around the world (See “Health and Retirement Study”). Costa Rica is of particular interest to study given its high longevity: life expectancy is greater than that of the United States, despite being a middle-income country. CRELES comprises five waves of data from two birth cohort panels (See “Cross-Sectional Research/Panel Studies (Longitudinal Studies)”). The original CRELES Pre-1945 cohort is a sample of more than 2,800 Costa Rica residents born in 1945 or before. There are three waves of interviews for this panel conducted mainly in 2005, 2007, and 2009. Wellcome Trust funded this panel (Grant N. 072406). The CRELES 1945–1955 Retirement Cohort (RC) is a sample of about 2800 Costa Rica residents born in 1945–1955 plus 1400 of their spouses, interviewed mainly in 2011 and 2013 (waves 4 and 5). The US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716) funded this panel through the University of California, Berkeley. CRELES data are well-suited for studying longevity and health determinants, relationships between socioeconomic status and health, stress and health, patterns of health behaviors, and prospective mortality.