Enfermedades crónicas

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    Niveles, tendencias e impacto de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en Costa Rica según provincias, 2000–2009
    (Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 9, número 1, artículo 4, julio-diciembre, 2011) Agudelo Botero, Marcela
    El objetivo planteado en este trabajo fue calcular y analizar los niveles, tendencias e impacto de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en Costa Rica según provincias, para el periodo 2000–2009. Para tal propósito se utilizaron los registros de defunciones del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos y otros datos (proyecciones la población femenina y tabla de vida de 2005), todos disponibles en el Centro Centroamericano de Población. Se calcularon las tasas brutas y estandarizadas de mortalidad y se estimaron los años de vida perdidos por cáncer de mama, todo ello a nivel nacional y provincial. Entre los hallazgos más importantes se tuvo que la tasa estandarizada de mortalidad por cáncer de mama aumentó 22% entre 2000 y 2009 a nivel nacional, pasando de 21.3 a 26.1 por cada cien mil mujeres. Para este último año, Heredia tuvo la tasa de mortalidad más alta del país y Cartago la más baja. En este periodo, tanto Cartago como Limón disminuyeron sus tasas de mortalidad por esta patología y el resto de provincias la aumentaron. En Costa Rica se perdieron 17 791 años vida por cáncer de mama en 2009, es decir que este indicador se incrementó moderadamente con respecto a 2000 donde alcanzó los 15 490. Los AVP en Costa Rica pueden ser explicados por fenómenos demográficos como cambios reproductivos de las mujeres y el envejecimiento poblacional, así como a aspectos relacionados con el acceso y calidad de los servicios de salud. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze the levels, trends and impact of breast cancer mortality in Costa Rica by provinces, for the period 2000 to 2009. For this purpose was used the death records of Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos and other data (the female population projections and life tables, 2005), all available on the Centro Centroamericano de Población. Was a calculated crude rate and standardized mortality and estimated life years lost from breast cancer, all national and provincial level. Among the most important findings was that the standardized mortality rate from breast cancer increased 22% between 2000 and 2009 throughout the county, going from 21.3 to 26.1 per hundred thousand women. For the last year, Heredia had the highest mortality rate in the country (even above the overall average) and the lowest Cartago. In this period, both Limon as Cartago lowered their rates of mortality for this disease and all other provinces increased it. In Costa Rica, years of life lost from breast cancer in 2009 was 17 791, this indicator increased moderately compared to 2000 which was 15 490. These AVP in Costa Rica can be explained by demographic phenomena as women's reproductive changes and aging population as well as issues related to access and quality of health services.
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    Decreased Consumption of Dried Mature Beans Is Positively Associated with Urbanization and Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction
    (J Nutr, Vol. 135, no. 7, 2005) Kabagambe, Edmond K.; Baylin, Ana; Ruiz Narvaez, Edward; Siles, Xinia; Campos, Hannia
    Legumes may protect against myocardial infarction (MI). The objective of this study was to determine whether consumption of dried mature beans (referred to as beans), the main legume in Latin America, is associated with MI. The cases (n = 2119) were survivors of a first acute MI and were matched by age, sex, and area of residence to randomly selected population controls (n = 2119) in Costa Rica. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Of the population, 69% consumed 1 serving of beans/d (1 serving = one-third cup of cooked beans, 86 g). Consumption of 1 serving/d was significantly higher (P 0.001) in rural (81%) than in urban (65%) areas. Individuals who never eat dried beans or whose consumption was 1 time/mo were classified as nonconsumers. Compared with nonconsumers, intake of 1 serving of beans/d was inversely associated with MI in analyses adjusted for smoking, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, abdominal obesity, physical activity, income, intake of alcohol, total energy, saturated fat, trans fat, polyunsaturated fat, and cholesterol [odds ratio (OR) 0.62; 95% CI: 0.45–0.88]. No further protection was observed with increased number of servings/d (OR 0.73; 95% CI: 0.52–1.03 for 1 serving/d). In summary, we found that consumption of 1 serving of beans/d is associated with a 38% lower risk of MI. No additional protection was observed at intakes 1 serving/d. These findings are timely given the trend toward increased obesity, cardiovascular disease, and a reduction in the intake of beans in Latin American countries.
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    Conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction
    (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92:34-40, 2010) Smit. Liesbeth; Baylin, Ana; Campos, Hannia
    Background: Despite the high saturated fat content of dairy products, no clear association between dairy product intake and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) has been observed. Dairy products are the main source of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 18:2n27t), which is produced by the ruminal biohydrogenation of grasses eaten by cows. Pasture-grazing dairy cows have more CLA in their milk than do grain-fed cows. Some animal models have reported beneficial effects of CLA on atherosclerosis.
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    Coffee, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
    (JAMA, Vol. 295, No. 10, 2006) Cornelis Marilyn C.; El Sohemy, Ahmed; Campos Hannia
    EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES EXAMINing the association between coffee consumption and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) have been inconclusive.1-14 Coffee is a major source of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), which is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world and has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases such as acute MI.15-17 However, coffee contains a number of other chemicals that have variable effects on the cardiovascular system.18 Because of the strong collinearity between caffeine intake and coffee consumption in many populations, it is not clear whether caffeine alone affects the risk of MI or whether other chemicals found in coffee may be responsible.
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    Cáncer en Costa Rica : epidemiología descriptiva : mortalidad 1970-1990, incidencia 1984-1990
    (Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1995) Sierra Ramos, Rafaela; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Antich Montero, Daniel; Muñoz. Georgina
    En la incidencia de algunos cánceres en las últimas décadas hace que esta enfermedad sea un problema para la salud de nuestra civilización y para la longevidad lograda por esta. El cáncer constituye uno de los problemas de salud más serios en Costa Rica. Es tal la gravedad de esta patología que en la actualidad es la segunda causa de muerte, solo superada por las cardiópatas. Para apreciar la magnitud de esta situación podemos decir que cada dos horas y media, un costarricense se convierte en enfermo canceroso y aproximadamente cada cuatro horas fallece una persona por esa causa. Los éxitos alcanzados en nuestro país en el área de la Salud Pública, relacionados con las mejoras económicas y sociales de la población, han logrado que la esperanza de vida de nuestros habitantes sea de 75 años. Paradójicamente, este éxito ha ido acompañado de una mayor incidencia de cardiopatias y cáncer. Estas enfermedades estarán presentes de forma importante en el futuro, y es necesario enfrentarlas previniendo en lo posible las causas; si esto no se logra, es importante realizar un diagnóstico temprano para lograr la cura más adecuada. Este libro sobre El Cáncer en Costa Rica. Epidemiología descriptiva, viene a llenar un vacío en la literatura médica del país, la lucha contra esta enfermedad es compleja. Necesitamos mayor conocimiento no solo de las manifestaciones clínicas y de los medios apropiadas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento terapéutico, sino también de la epidemiología de dicho mal en el país. El conocimiento sobre la incidencia y la mortalidad de los tipos más frecuentes del cáncer, su distribución geográfica y las características de las poblaciones de mayor riesgo ayudará a una mejor planificación de los servicios de salud. Esta información también será útil para el estudio de las causas y en la prevención de esta patología. Todos estos aspectos hacen que el libro cobre un gran valor. Este estudio es producto del esfuerzo permanente que la distinguida investigadora M. Se. Rafaela Sierra viene realizando en Costa Rica, desde hace varios años, en el área de la epidemiología de varíe» cánceres, especialmente, del cáncer gástrico. Cuenta en esta oportunidad con la colaboración de conocidos y respetados especialistas en el campo de la demografía como el Dr. Luis Rosen) Bixby, de la informática como el Sr. Daniel Antich y como la técnica en archivos médicos y jefa del Registro Nacional de Tumores. Sra. Georgina Muñoz. Este grupo constituye una garantía de la seriedad con que se ha hecho el trabajo y de su calidad.
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    Diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores costarricenses
    (Población y Salud en Mesoamérica. Revista Electrónica, Vol. 5(1), artículo 2, 2007) Brenes Camacho, Gilbert; Rosero Bixby, Luis
    Población y Salud en Mesoamérica - Volumen 5, número 1, artículo 2, jul - dic 2007 Número especial CRELES - Costa Rica: Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable http://ccp.ucr.ac.cr/revista/ 2Diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores costarricenses1Gilbert Brenes-Camacho2, Luis Rosero-Bixby3RESUMEN El propósito del artículo es describir la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus (DM) entre los adultos mayores costarricenses. Se analiza la magnitud de la prevalencia, los problemas de medición de la misma, así como los factores asociados con la enfermedad, la enfermedad controlada, y el tener niveles altos de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C) entre la población sin diagnóstico previo de DM. Una cuarta parte de los adultos mayores de Costa Rica padecen de DM y cerca de la mitad de los que la padecen, no la tienen controlada. Los factores asociados con la prevalencia de la enfermedad son los usuales destacados por la literatura científica: actividad física, obesidad e historia familiar de DM. Se halla evidencia de un posible problema de acceso diferencial a servicios de control de DM, ya que los adultos mayores que habitan fuera de la gran área metropolitana de San José tienen un riesgo menor de tener controlada su enfermedad. Los adultos mayores sin pensión también tienen un riesgo mayor de tener niveles altos de HbA1C.
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    Traditional rural dietary pattern and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort study of elderly Costa Ricans: the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES)
    (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2024) Zhang, Yundan; Cortés Ortiz, Mónica V.; Leung, Cindy W.; Baylin, Ana; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Ruiz Narváez, Edward A.
    Costa Rica, as many other Latin American countries, is experiencing a fast demographic aging. It is estimated that by 2030, 18.5% of the population, or almost 1 of every 5 Costa Ricans, will be 60 y or older, compared with 7.9% or 1 of every 13 Costa Ricans in 1999 [1]. As the population ages, chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neurodegenerative disorders are expected to increase in prevalence posing growing challenges to the health of the Costa Rican population. With the demographic shift toward an aging population, there is an urgent need to study determinants of longevity and healthy aging. Diet—as part of a healthy lifestyle—is a key modifiable factor that may help to minimize the burden of age-related health conditions. Beans are a major source of protein and fiber in Costa Rican adults and part of traditional diets in most Latin American countries. High bean consumption has been found associated with a protective cardiometabolic prolife such as low total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol [2,3]. In the Costa Rican population specifically, intake of beans has been associated with lower risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in middle-aged adults [4]. We recently reported that a traditional Costa Rican rural dietary pattern, rich in beans and rice, was associated with longer leukocyte telomeres—a marker of biologic aging—in Costa Rican adults 60 y and older [5]. However, no studies have examined whether adherence to a traditional diet in elderly Costa Ricans may also be associated with lower mortality. Because of the nutrition transition (i.e., a shift from traditional diets to an increased consumption of processed foods highs in sugars, fats, and salt) experienced by Costa Rica in the last decades [4,6,7], it is essential to evaluate the potential impact of traditional diets on promoting healthy aging and longevity within an aging population. In this study, we assessed the association between a traditional rural dietary pattern, as well as their major food components beans and rice, and all-cause mortality among elderly Costa Ricans aged 60 y and older at baseline. We hypothesized that higher scores on the traditional dietary pattern are associated with lower all-cause mortality in elderly Costa Ricans. We also assessed whether additional dietary patterns may be associated with all-cause mortality. We used longitudinal and nationally representative data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES).
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    Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: an individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies
    (The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, vol.4, 2021) Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean (CC-LAC)
    Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains un- known. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n = 168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n = 27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 10 0,0 0 0 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those esti- mated from cohorts in high-income countries.
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    Helicobacter pylori infection and serum pepsinogen concentrations in an elderly population representative of Costa Rica
    (Población y Salud en Mesoamérica 19(2), 2022) Une, Clas Allan; Malespín Bendaña, Wendy Karina; Ramírez Mayorga, Vanessa; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Sierra Ramos, Rafaela
    INTRODUCTION: Costa Rica has among the highest mortality rates from gastric cancer in the world, largely due to late detection. It is therefore important that economically and logistically sustainable screening is implemented in order to detect risk of developing cancer. We have previously shown that low pepsinogen (PG) values and infection with Helicobacter pylori-CagA+ are associated with risk of gastric atrophy and cancer in Costa Rican populations. OBJECTIVES: To determine how markers for gastric cancer risk are distributed in an elderly population representative of Costa Rica in order to design a screening strategy. METHODS: The population studied consists of 2,652 participants in a nationally representative survey of ageing. Information concerning epidemiologic, demographic, nutritional and life style factors is available. Serum PG concentrations as well as H. pylori and CagA status were determined by serology. Possible associations were determined by regression analyses. RESULTS: Antibodies to H. pylori were present in 72% of the population and of those, 58% were CagA positive. Infection with H. pylori was associated with higher PGI concentrations (p=0.000) and infection with H. pylori-CagA+ with lower PGI concentrations (p=0.025). Both showed association with lower PGI/PGII (p=0.006 and p=0.000). Higher age was associated with lower prevalence of H. pylori infection (OR=0.98; p=0.000) and CagA+ (OR=0.98; p=0.000) but not with PG values. Regions with high risk of gastric cancer showed lower PGI (p=0.004) and PGI/PGII values (p=0.021) as well as higher prevalence of H. pylori infection (OR=1.39; p=0.013) but not CagA+. Using cut-off values of PGI<100 μg/L and PGI/PGII<2.0, 2.5 and 3.0, 7-15% of the population would be considered at risk. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori alone is not a useful marker for risk of gastric cancer. Screening using serum pepsinogen concentrations and infection with H. pylori-CagA+ is feasible in the general elderly population of Costa Rica but appropriate cut-off values have to be determined based on more clinical data and follow up capacity.
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    Gender differences in perceived stress and its relationship to telomere length in Costa Rican adults
    (Frontiers in Psychology, vol.13, 2022) Méndez Chacón, Ericka
    Introduction: Stress is associated with disease and reduced leukocyte telomere length (LTL). The objective of this research is to determine if self-perceived stress is associated with telomere length in Costa Rican adults and the gender differences in this association. Findings may help explain how some populations in apparent socioeconomic disadvantage and with limited access to specialized medical services have a remarkably high life expectancy. Methodology: Data come from the pre-retirement cohort of the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), a population based survey conducted in the households to 2,327 adults aged 53 to 66 years. The DNA to measure LTL was extracted from blood cells in laboratories of the University of Costa Rica whereas the Blackburn laboratory at the University of California performed the telomere length measurement applying the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). The relationship between telomere length and perceived stress was measured using least-squares multiple regression. Perceived stress was measured by a set of questions about family, job, finances and, health reasons to be stressed. Models included the control variables: (1) age and sex of the participant, (2) whether he or she resides in the Nicoya area, a “blue zone” known for its high longevity, and (3) the aforementioned sociodemographic, health and lifestyles characteristics. Results: Stress perception and LTL are significantly different by sex. Women perceived higher stress levels than men in almost all aspects studied, except work. Women have significantly longer telomeres. Shorter telomeres are significantly associated with caregiving stress in men and with parental health concerns in women. Counter-intuitive telomere lengthenings were observed among women who feel stressed about caring for family members; and among men who feel stressed due to their family relationships as well as concerns about their own health. Discussion: Results confirm that people with self-perceived stress due to caregiving or health issues have shorter telomeres. The relationship between stress and telomere length differs between men and women. Gender relations exert a strong modifier effect on the relationship between stress and LTL: gender is related to perceived stress, telomere length, and apparently also to the way stress and LTL are related.

SIBDI, UCR - San José, Costa Rica.

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