Enfermedades crónicas
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Item Niveles, tendencias e impacto de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en Costa Rica según provincias, 2000–2009(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 9, número 1, artículo 4, julio-diciembre, 2011) Agudelo Botero, MarcelaEl objetivo planteado en este trabajo fue calcular y analizar los niveles, tendencias e impacto de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en Costa Rica según provincias, para el periodo 2000–2009. Para tal propósito se utilizaron los registros de defunciones del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos y otros datos (proyecciones la población femenina y tabla de vida de 2005), todos disponibles en el Centro Centroamericano de Población. Se calcularon las tasas brutas y estandarizadas de mortalidad y se estimaron los años de vida perdidos por cáncer de mama, todo ello a nivel nacional y provincial. Entre los hallazgos más importantes se tuvo que la tasa estandarizada de mortalidad por cáncer de mama aumentó 22% entre 2000 y 2009 a nivel nacional, pasando de 21.3 a 26.1 por cada cien mil mujeres. Para este último año, Heredia tuvo la tasa de mortalidad más alta del país y Cartago la más baja. En este periodo, tanto Cartago como Limón disminuyeron sus tasas de mortalidad por esta patología y el resto de provincias la aumentaron. En Costa Rica se perdieron 17 791 años vida por cáncer de mama en 2009, es decir que este indicador se incrementó moderadamente con respecto a 2000 donde alcanzó los 15 490. Los AVP en Costa Rica pueden ser explicados por fenómenos demográficos como cambios reproductivos de las mujeres y el envejecimiento poblacional, así como a aspectos relacionados con el acceso y calidad de los servicios de salud. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze the levels, trends and impact of breast cancer mortality in Costa Rica by provinces, for the period 2000 to 2009. For this purpose was used the death records of Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos and other data (the female population projections and life tables, 2005), all available on the Centro Centroamericano de Población. Was a calculated crude rate and standardized mortality and estimated life years lost from breast cancer, all national and provincial level. Among the most important findings was that the standardized mortality rate from breast cancer increased 22% between 2000 and 2009 throughout the county, going from 21.3 to 26.1 per hundred thousand women. For the last year, Heredia had the highest mortality rate in the country (even above the overall average) and the lowest Cartago. In this period, both Limon as Cartago lowered their rates of mortality for this disease and all other provinces increased it. In Costa Rica, years of life lost from breast cancer in 2009 was 17 791, this indicator increased moderately compared to 2000 which was 15 490. These AVP in Costa Rica can be explained by demographic phenomena as women's reproductive changes and aging population as well as issues related to access and quality of health services.Item Conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction(The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92:34-40, 2010) Smit. Liesbeth; Baylin, Ana; Campos, HanniaBackground: Despite the high saturated fat content of dairy products, no clear association between dairy product intake and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) has been observed. Dairy products are the main source of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 18:2n27t), which is produced by the ruminal biohydrogenation of grasses eaten by cows. Pasture-grazing dairy cows have more CLA in their milk than do grain-fed cows. Some animal models have reported beneficial effects of CLA on atherosclerosis.Item Traditional rural dietary pattern and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort study of elderly Costa Ricans: the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES)(The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2024) Zhang, Yundan; Cortés Ortiz, Mónica V.; Leung, Cindy W.; Baylin, Ana; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Ruiz Narváez, Edward A.Costa Rica, as many other Latin American countries, is experiencing a fast demographic aging. It is estimated that by 2030, 18.5% of the population, or almost 1 of every 5 Costa Ricans, will be 60 y or older, compared with 7.9% or 1 of every 13 Costa Ricans in 1999 [1]. As the population ages, chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neurodegenerative disorders are expected to increase in prevalence posing growing challenges to the health of the Costa Rican population. With the demographic shift toward an aging population, there is an urgent need to study determinants of longevity and healthy aging. Diet—as part of a healthy lifestyle—is a key modifiable factor that may help to minimize the burden of age-related health conditions. Beans are a major source of protein and fiber in Costa Rican adults and part of traditional diets in most Latin American countries. High bean consumption has been found associated with a protective cardiometabolic prolife such as low total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol [2,3]. In the Costa Rican population specifically, intake of beans has been associated with lower risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in middle-aged adults [4]. We recently reported that a traditional Costa Rican rural dietary pattern, rich in beans and rice, was associated with longer leukocyte telomeres—a marker of biologic aging—in Costa Rican adults 60 y and older [5]. However, no studies have examined whether adherence to a traditional diet in elderly Costa Ricans may also be associated with lower mortality. Because of the nutrition transition (i.e., a shift from traditional diets to an increased consumption of processed foods highs in sugars, fats, and salt) experienced by Costa Rica in the last decades [4,6,7], it is essential to evaluate the potential impact of traditional diets on promoting healthy aging and longevity within an aging population. In this study, we assessed the association between a traditional rural dietary pattern, as well as their major food components beans and rice, and all-cause mortality among elderly Costa Ricans aged 60 y and older at baseline. We hypothesized that higher scores on the traditional dietary pattern are associated with lower all-cause mortality in elderly Costa Ricans. We also assessed whether additional dietary patterns may be associated with all-cause mortality. We used longitudinal and nationally representative data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES).Item Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: an individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies(The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, vol.4, 2021) Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean (CC-LAC)Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains un- known. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n = 168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n = 27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 10 0,0 0 0 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those esti- mated from cohorts in high-income countries.Item Helicobacter pylori infection and serum pepsinogen concentrations in an elderly population representative of Costa Rica(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica 19(2), 2022) Une, Clas Allan; Malespín Bendaña, Wendy Karina; Ramírez Mayorga, Vanessa; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Sierra Ramos, RafaelaINTRODUCTION: Costa Rica has among the highest mortality rates from gastric cancer in the world, largely due to late detection. It is therefore important that economically and logistically sustainable screening is implemented in order to detect risk of developing cancer. We have previously shown that low pepsinogen (PG) values and infection with Helicobacter pylori-CagA+ are associated with risk of gastric atrophy and cancer in Costa Rican populations. OBJECTIVES: To determine how markers for gastric cancer risk are distributed in an elderly population representative of Costa Rica in order to design a screening strategy. METHODS: The population studied consists of 2,652 participants in a nationally representative survey of ageing. Information concerning epidemiologic, demographic, nutritional and life style factors is available. Serum PG concentrations as well as H. pylori and CagA status were determined by serology. Possible associations were determined by regression analyses. RESULTS: Antibodies to H. pylori were present in 72% of the population and of those, 58% were CagA positive. Infection with H. pylori was associated with higher PGI concentrations (p=0.000) and infection with H. pylori-CagA+ with lower PGI concentrations (p=0.025). Both showed association with lower PGI/PGII (p=0.006 and p=0.000). Higher age was associated with lower prevalence of H. pylori infection (OR=0.98; p=0.000) and CagA+ (OR=0.98; p=0.000) but not with PG values. Regions with high risk of gastric cancer showed lower PGI (p=0.004) and PGI/PGII values (p=0.021) as well as higher prevalence of H. pylori infection (OR=1.39; p=0.013) but not CagA+. Using cut-off values of PGI<100 μg/L and PGI/PGII<2.0, 2.5 and 3.0, 7-15% of the population would be considered at risk. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori alone is not a useful marker for risk of gastric cancer. Screening using serum pepsinogen concentrations and infection with H. pylori-CagA+ is feasible in the general elderly population of Costa Rica but appropriate cut-off values have to be determined based on more clinical data and follow up capacity.Item Gender differences in perceived stress and its relationship to telomere length in Costa Rican adults(Frontiers in Psychology, vol.13, 2022) Méndez Chacón, ErickaIntroduction: Stress is associated with disease and reduced leukocyte telomere length (LTL). The objective of this research is to determine if self-perceived stress is associated with telomere length in Costa Rican adults and the gender differences in this association. Findings may help explain how some populations in apparent socioeconomic disadvantage and with limited access to specialized medical services have a remarkably high life expectancy. Methodology: Data come from the pre-retirement cohort of the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), a population based survey conducted in the households to 2,327 adults aged 53 to 66 years. The DNA to measure LTL was extracted from blood cells in laboratories of the University of Costa Rica whereas the Blackburn laboratory at the University of California performed the telomere length measurement applying the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). The relationship between telomere length and perceived stress was measured using least-squares multiple regression. Perceived stress was measured by a set of questions about family, job, finances and, health reasons to be stressed. Models included the control variables: (1) age and sex of the participant, (2) whether he or she resides in the Nicoya area, a “blue zone” known for its high longevity, and (3) the aforementioned sociodemographic, health and lifestyles characteristics. Results: Stress perception and LTL are significantly different by sex. Women perceived higher stress levels than men in almost all aspects studied, except work. Women have significantly longer telomeres. Shorter telomeres are significantly associated with caregiving stress in men and with parental health concerns in women. Counter-intuitive telomere lengthenings were observed among women who feel stressed about caring for family members; and among men who feel stressed due to their family relationships as well as concerns about their own health. Discussion: Results confirm that people with self-perceived stress due to caregiving or health issues have shorter telomeres. The relationship between stress and telomere length differs between men and women. Gender relations exert a strong modifier effect on the relationship between stress and LTL: gender is related to perceived stress, telomere length, and apparently also to the way stress and LTL are related.Item Mortalidad por Diabetes tipo 2 en las fronteras de México(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 14, número 2 (enero-junio 2017), 2017) Manzanares Rivera, José LuisObjective: To analyze type II diabetes mortality rates geographic distribution and evolution in time across both Mexican border regions during the period 1998-2013. Methods: The work is based on exploratory and inferential data analysis conducted using death reprts from the national health information system. The analys is considers social determinants of health as a theoretical paradigm and includes microdata on consumption patterns at household level for the US -Mexico and Mexico- Guatemala border states. Results: A convergence path for type II diabetes mortality rates is found during the last 15 years between the studied border regions. Conclusions: The evidence presented indicates that the southern border states had been experiencing an epidemiologic transition towards mortality causes such as type II diabetes in the last decade. A trajectory that reflects a convergence pattern towards mortality rates found in the northern border states.Item Control de Diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial en personas afiliadas al Seguro Popular. El caso de habitantes de las localidades rurales en Tabasco, México(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 12, número 1 (julio-diciembre 2014), 2014) Montero Mendoza, EldaEn este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue conocer la atención que se brinda en las clínicas del primer nivel a personas que tienen un diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus o de hipertensión arterial y que cuentan con Seguro Popular. Participaron habitantes de tres localidades del municipio de Nacajuca, Tabasco con menos de 1,200 habitantes y 98,4% en hogares indígenas. Se realizó una encuesta de hogares; entrevistas abiertas y pláticas informales con autoridades municipales y médicos alópatas. A través de la encuesta se obtuvo información completa de 328 hogares donde se identificó a 107 personas con una enfermedad crónica, 79,4% de ellas afiliadas al Seguro Popular. Las principales enfermedades reprtadas son diabetes mellitus trastornos de la visión e hipertensión arterial. La mayoría de las personas entrevistadas (73,2%) acude al control de estas enfermedades a la clínica institucional que se ubica en o cerca de su localidad de residencia. Sin embargo, mencionan que esta cita de controles tiene un requisito a cumplir. En las clínicas de salud no se siguen los procedimientos normados y existe desabasto de medicamentos específicos, por lo que las personas entrevistadas siguen diversas estrategias para adquirir los medicamentos. Se concluye que el tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial y de la diabetes mellitus se contemplan en los servicios que otorga el Seguro Popular; sin embargo, existen deficiencias en el cumplimiento de lo normado oficialmente. Se sugiere que los tomadores de decisiones públicas en salud otorguen la importancia que merece el primer nivel de atención médica en la atención de las enfermedades crónicas.Item Variabilidad geográfica de las hospitalizaciones por infarto agudo al miocardio en Costa Rica(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 11, número 2 (enero-junio 2014), 2014) Morera Salas, MelvinLa presente investigación muestra los patrones geográficos de las hospitalizaciones por infarto agudo al miocardio en el seguro público de salud de Costa Rica en el trienio 2010-2012. Para el análisis geográfico por área de salud se utiliza un modelo bayesiano jerárquico espacial. Se estiman razones estandarizadas suavizadas y, como medida de precisión, la probabilidad de que cada área de salud registre un riesgo de hospitalización estadísticamente diferente al promedio nacional. En la determinación de presencia de autocorrelación espacial se utiliza el indicador de la I de Moran. La amplitud entre las variaciones observadas se estima mediante la razón interpercentil (percentil 95/percentil 5) y el coeficiente de variación. La tasa bruta de hospitalizaciones es de 5,8 por 10 mil habitantes en hombres y 2,6 / 10 mil en mujeres. Se registra un rango de variación de más de dos veces en las hospitalizaciones entre las áreas con mayores y menores egresos. Se presenta un patrón de bajas tasas de hospitalizaciones por infarto agudo al miocardio en áreas de salud fuera del Área Metropolitana, donde se encuentran los hospitales nacionales de mayor complejidad. Este elemento podría estar asociado a dificultades en el acceso de los servicios de hospitalización.Item Análisis espacial del diagnóstico tardío vs. mortalidad: una herramienta para apoyar estudios epidemiológicos sobre el cáncer. Villa Clara. Cuba 2004-2009(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 9, número 2 (enero-junio 2012), 2012) Batista Hernández, Norma E.; Antón Fleites, OscarFundamento: la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer en Villa Clara, al cierre del 2009, se mantuvo por encimade la media nacional, con ocurrencia significativa de mayor número de casos con diagnóstico tardío en fallecidos que en los sobrevivientes al período de estudio. Objetivo: mostrar las potencialidades del análisis espacio-temporal para identificar conglomerados espaciales y/o espacio-temporales que nos permitan el análisis del diagnóstico tardío como variable explicativa de la mortalidad, de las cinco localizaciones de cánceres bajo programa en la provincia. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo, focalizado en la detección de conglomerados espaciales y espacio-temporales del diagnostico tardío del cáncer en Villa Clara, utilizando una técnica estadística de exploración espacio-temporal (SaTScan v7.0.1.), la muestra abarcó la totalidad de pacientes diagnosticados durante el año 2004, y de estos, los fallecidos hasta el cierre del año 2009. Resultados: reveló la presencia de conglomerados significativos tanto espaciales como espacio-temporales, de las áreas de mayor riesgo de diagnóstico indeterminado. Conclusiones: demostró ser una buena herramienta para el análisis del diagnóstico tardío del cáncer, y permitió la generación de hipótesis sobre posibles determinantes que ayuden a orientar nuevas investigaciones.