Sistemas de Salud
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Item Health inequalities in the geographic distribution of dental practitioners in Costa Rica: an ecological study(Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Early view, 2023) Barboza Solís, Cristina; Barahona Cubillo, Juan; Fantin, Romain ClementResults: Mean national LPA was 6.5 full-time equivalents per 10 000 inhabitants, 3.4% of the Costa Rican population had no access to dentist; 12.9% had very low accessibil- ity, 22.7% had low accessibility, 35.0% had good accessibility, 16.2% had high accessi- bility, and 9.8% had very high accessibility. Overall, 39% of the population has a rather low accessibility. LPA was higher in urban districts compared to rural districts and in wealthiest districts compared to most disadvantaged districts. Within districts, after adjustment for district's characteristics, LPA was higher in urban MGU compared to rural MGU and in wealthiest MGU compared to most disadvantaged MGU. Conclusions: This study found that despite having a high number of dentists, their numbers are small in many areas, increasing inequalities in access to health care. The dentist's free establishment, where they can decide to provide private services within a community, creates zones with very high densities, in particular in the wealthiest urban areas, and others with very low densities, in particular the poorest rural areas. The lack of territorial planning has been one of the reasons that has encouraged an imbalance in the availability of dental human resources. To achieve effective universalItem Mejoramiento barrial y urbano en Costa Rica : reconstrucción social de la salud comunitaria desde la perspectiva de salud ambiental(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 14, número 2 (enero-junio 2017), 2017) Alvarez Vega, ChristiamA partir de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el tema de Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano (MBU), se presenta a continuación una sinopsis crítica del panorama situacional de este modelo de intervención comunitaria en Costa Rica. Se realizó una recolección de información de fuentes documentales secundarias en bases de datos a nivel internacional sobre los temas de Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano (MBU) y métodos de intervención participativos para el aprovechamiento de espacios públicos en zonas urbanas. Después de establecer y valorar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron seis de las publicaciones científicas recuperadas, relacionadas con el tema de interés, y se elaboraron informes analíticos críticos de cada una de ellas y en conjunto, para lo cual se utilizó una matriz cualitativa de entrada de datos. Los hallazgos sirven de precedente para inferir que la Salud Ambiental constituye el mejor indicador de la habitabilidad de los asentamientos humanos y, considerando que aún no se evalúan los beneficios a la salud de la implementación de procesos de Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano en Costa Rica, constituye un reto y una oportunidad para la disciplina el involucramiento en el abordaje integral de este proceso en el país para contribuir a la reconstrucción social y participativa de la salud comunitaria.Item Aggregation and insurance-mortality estimation(National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003) Dow, William H.; González, Kristine A.; Rosero Bixby, LuisOne goal of government health insurance programs is to improve health, yet little is known empirically about how important such government interventions can be in explaining health transitions. We analyze the child mortality effects of a major health insurance expansion in Costa Rica. In contrast to previous work in this area that has used aggregated ecological designs, we exploit census data to estimate individual-level models. Theoretical and empirical econometric results indicate that aggregation can introduce substantial upward biases in the insurance effects. Overall we find a statistically significant but quite small effect of health insurance on child mortality in Costa Rica.Item Spatial access to health care in Costa Rica and its equity: a GIS-based study(Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 58, N. 7, 2004) Rosero Bixby, LuisThis study assembles a geographic information system (GIS) to relate the 2000 census population (demand) with an inventory of health facilities (supply). It assesses the equity in access to health care by Costa Ricans and the impact on it by the ongoing reform of the health sector. It uses traditional measurements of access based on the distance to the closest facility and proposes a more comprehensive index of accessibility that results from the aggregation of all facilities weighted by their size, proximity, and characteristics of both the population and the facility. The weighting factors of this index were determined with an econometric analysis of clinic choice in a national household sample. Half Costa Ricans reside less than 1 km away from an outpatient care outlet and 5 km away from a hospital. In equity terms, 12–14% of population are underserved according to three indicators:having an outpatient outlet within 4 km, a hospital within 25 km, and less than 0.2 MD yearly hours per person. The data show substantial improvements in access (and equity) to outpatient care between 1994 and 2000. These improvements are linked to the health sector reform implemented since 1995. The share of the population whose access to outpatient health care (density indicator) was inequitable declined from 30% to 22% in pioneering areas where reform began in 1995–96. By contrast, in areas where reform has not occurred by 2001, the proportion underserved has slightly increased from 7% to 9%. Similar results come from a simpler index based on the distance to the nearest facility. Access to hospital care has held steady in this period. The reform achieved this result by targeting the least privileged population first, and by including such measures as new community medical offices and Basic Teams for Integrated Health Care (EBAIS) to work with these populations. The GIS platform developed for this study allows pinpointing communities with inadequate access to health care, where interventions to improve access would have the greatest impact.Item Marco conceptual para la evaluación de programas de salud(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica; Volumen 1, Número 2, 2004) Montero Rojas, EilianaEvaluation, as a discipline, is an relatively new area of the Social Sciences, thus, its explicit incorporation in health programs and systems has appeared somehow late. This article presents elements of a conceptual framework to conceive and use the evaluation in health programs. Evaluation is defined as a tool for decision making, current tendencies and themes in the field are discussed, as well as key concepts such as program theory and needs assessment. Finally, a first approach to two key concepts in evaluation of health programs, quality and equity, is presented. La evaluación como disciplina es un área relativamente nueva de las Ciencias Sociales; consecuentemente, su incorporación explícita en los programas y sistemas de salud ha llegado algo tardíamente. Este artículo presenta elementos de un marco conceptual para concebir y utilizar la evaluación en programas de salud. Se define la evaluación como una herramienta para la toma de decisiones, se discuten tendencias y temáticas de actualidad en el campo y también conceptos clave tales como teoría del programa y valoración de necesidades. Finalmente, se esboza una primera aproximación a dos constructos de gran interés en la evaluación de programas de salud: calidad y equidad.