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Costa Rica : los grupos sociales de riesgo para la sobrevida infantil 1960-1984
(Centro Latinoamericano de Demografía, 1987) Behm Rosas, Hugo, Director de la Investigación; Granados Bloise, Damaris; Robles Soto, Arodys
El riesgo de morir del niño en su primer ano de vida, que ha estado en descenso en Costa Rica desde la década de 1920 y que en 1971 había alcanzado una tasa de 63 por mil, muestra en el decenio siguiente una extraordinaria reducción, que se interrumpe en 1980, cuando la tasa tiende a estabilizarse alrededor de 20 por mi. Hay bastante información sobre las características de esta transición en cuanto se refiere a su distribución geográfica, las causas de muerte y las tasas por edad durante el primer ano. Pero el conocimiento es menor sobre la forma en que ella ocurrió en diversos grupos sociales y sobre las condiciones que determinaron este curso en el seno de los procesos de cambio económica y social que han ocurrido en el país. Los censos de población más recientes (1973 y 1904) permiten hacer un aporte en tal sentido, porque san fuente de estimaciones indirectas de la mortalidad del niño, las cuales se pueden analizar en relación con las variables económicas y sociales que el propio censo proporciona sobre la famlia y la vivienda que ella ocupa.
Los dividendos demográficos y la economía del ciclo vital en Costa Rica
(Papeles de Población 14(55), 2008) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Robles Soto, Arodys
There are two identified dividends or demographic bonuses derived from the Costa Rica’s change of population’s age structure and vital cycle’s profile. The first dividend comes from the saving and actives’ accumulation of the adults to support their consumption needs in an old age, now commonly long. Almost all of the country’s meager economic growth in the last twenty-five years could be caused by the first dividend. The second dividend can provide Costa Rica with a base of an annual 0.5 percent of economic growth, at least. There are two identified peculiarities in the Costa Rica’s vital cycle: high public transfers towards the elderly and an intergenerational transfers’ flow inverted as from the 75 years of age. Se identifican dos dividendos o bonos demográficos derivados del cambio en la estructura por edades de la población y del perfil del ciclo vital de los costarricenses. El primer dividendo proviene del aumento más rápido de los productores en comparación con los consumidores. El segundo proviene del ahorro y acumulación de activos de los adultos para atender sus necesidades de consumo en una vejez cada vez más prolongada. Casi todo el magro crecimiento económico del país del último cuarto de siglo podría deberse al primer dividendo. El segundo dividendo puede dar a Costa Rica un piso de 0.5 por ciento anual de crecimiento económico como mínimo. Se identifican dos peculiaridades del ciclo vital en Costa Rica: elevadas transferencias públicas hacia los adultos mayores y un flujo de transferencias intergeneracionales que se invierte a partir de los 75 años de edad.
Impact of long term policies based on social determinants of health: the Costa Rican experience
(World Conference on Social Determinants of Health: Río de Janeiro, Brazil. 19-21 octubre del 2011, 2011) Morice Trejos, Ana; Robles Soto, Arodys
The consolidation of Democracy and the abolition of the army in Costa Rica at the end of the 1950s, instituted in the Political Constitution, led to the decision to prioritize the investment of public resources in the social sector as a strategy to advance towards the development of the country. The creation of a solid legal framework, the absence of a rigid stratification connected to a hierarchy of power that generates different access to resources, the implementation of democratic elections with high participation, and the development of public infrastructure have been essential factors in assuring access to education, access to water and basic sanitation as well as to access to health, and social security. Between 1950 and 1980, Costa Rica increased public social spending from 8.6% to 23.6% of the GDP, demonstrating the political will to invest in social determinants, in order to universalize access to education, safe water for consumption, basic sanitation, and primary health care. During this period the illiteracy rate was reduced from 21% to 10%, the average number of years of study increased and the level of education of the economically active population improved. Access to drinking water increased from 53% to 86% and coverage of the population’s health services and social security increased from 8 to 75%. Poverty, measured by level home income, declined from 50% in 1960 to 25% at the beginning of the 1980s. The decline in infant mortality during the period 1960-1980 showed that the least the educational level of mothers, the greater the increase in the probability of surviving, showing a positive effect of public policies and access to education in most secluded populations. At the national level, between 1970 and 1980 infant mortality was reduced from 68.4 to 18.1 x 1000 live births achieving a rate of 9.2 in 2010. Fertility declined from 4.8 to 1.8 and life expectancy increased from 65.8 to 79.2 years, reaching a total of 81.9 years in women in 2010. At the end of the 1980s in the middle of a global economic crisis, Costa Rica implemented a Health Sector Reform process that led to the adaptation of a model of care and delivery of services under the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, strengthening the leading role of the Ministry of Health as a guarantorfor the well-being of the population. The key strategy has been to advance toward health promotion by addressing its determinants to reduce the social gaps. The case of Costa Rica demonstrates that sustained public investment in the social sector with a long term vision has generated a redistributive effect of resources through interventions targeted to address the social determinants. The increase in the educational status and participation of women in the work force and in the political area has been a determinant associated with the improvement of the health indicators. Monitoring and evaluating, transparency, accountability and management, are key factors that have facilitated greater social development.

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