6. Biblioteca del Centro Centroamericano de Población
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El Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP) es un centro de investigaciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica, establecido inicialmente en 1993 como un Programa adscrito a la Escuela de Estadística.
El CCP tiene un área de acción multidisciplinaria en la investigación, capacitación y diseminación de información en población con un ámbito Centroamericano.
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San Pedro de Montes de Oca.
Centro Centroamericano de Población,
Universidad de Costa Rica
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San Pedro de Montes de Oca.
Centro Centroamericano de Población,
Universidad de Costa Rica
San José 2060, Costa Rica.
Correo electrónico: ccp@ucr.ac.cr
Teléfonos:
(506) 2511-1452,
(506) 2511-1450,
(506) 2511-1716 (Biblioteca)
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Item Social connections, leukocyte telomere length, and all-cause mortality in older adults from Costa Rica : the Costa Rican longevity and healthy aging study (CRELES)(Journal of Aging and Health, DOI: 10.1177/08982643251313923, 2025) Gan, Danting; Baylin, Ana; Peterson, Karen E.; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Ruiz Narváez, Edward A.Objectives: To examine the association of social connections with blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and all-cause mortality in older Costa Ricans. Methods: Utilizing data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), a prospective cohort of 2827 individuals aged 60 and above followed since 2004, we constructed a Social Network Index (SNI) based on marital status, household size, interaction with non-cohabitating adult children, and church attendance. We used linear regression to assess SNI’s association with baseline LTL (N = 1113), and Cox proportional-hazard models to examine SNI’s relationship with all-cause mortality (N = 2735). Results: Higher SNI levels were associated with longer telomeres and decreased all-cause mortality during follow-up. Being married and regular church attendance were associated with 23% and 24% reductions of the all-cause mortality, respectively. Discussion: These findings underscore the importance of social engagement in promoting longevity among older Costa Ricans, suggesting broader implications for aging populations globally.Item Demographic diversity and change in the Central American Isthmus(RAND, 1997) Pebley, Anne R.; Rosero Bixby, LuisThe chapters in this volume were originally presented at the International Conference on the Population of the Central American Isthmus, organized by the Central American Population Program (PCP) at the University of Costa Rica in collaboration with colleagues at RAND. Both the papers at the conference and the subset that are included in this volume represent research in a broad range of disciplines including demography, public health, anthropology, history, sociology, human ecology, and economics. The conference played an important role in bringing together an international group of researchers working on related issues in the region. The objective of this volume is to provide, in one central location, a collection of recent research on demographic, social, and environmental issues in the Central American Isthmus for English-speaking readers, both those who are not familiar with the region and those who know it well. For Spanish-speakers, the same collection of papers has been independently published as De los Mayas a la planificación familiar: DemografÍa del Istmo (L. Rosero Bixby, A. Pebley, and A. Bermúdez Méndez, editors) by the Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. This book is the first English-language collection of recent research on demographic, social, and environmental issues in Central America. The region's experience with ethnic and cultural identity provides food for thought for scholars concerned with the meaning of ethnicity and the consequences of cultural change. Countries in the region also have grapppled with the complex issues of promoting economic growth and reducing poverty while avoiding environmental destruction. The chapters in this volume provide important and often novel insights into these and many other demographic, social, and policy issues in the Central American Isthmus. For the first time in the English language, Central America's rich demographic history comes into focus in this volume. Editors Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby provide the first and only English translations of works originally presented at the International Conference on the Population of the Central American Isthmus. The chapters in this volume offer insights on a broad range of subjects, including estimates of the indigenous population, differences in education and earnings, trends in fertility and maternal and child health, migration, the environment, and many other demographic, social, and policy issues in the region.Item Tablas de vida para cálculo actuarial de rentas vitalicias y retiro programado. Costa Rica circa 2000(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica; Volumen 1, Número 2, 2004) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Brenes Camacho, Gilbert; Collado Chaves, AndreaSe presentan las tablas completas de mortalidad de Costa Rica del periodo 1995- 2000 y se describe el procedimiento seguido en su estimación. Este procedimiento incluye una evaluación detallada de la información básica, especialmente de los errores censales de declaración de la edad entre los adultos mayores. Predominan los errores de exageración de la edad, los cuales inflan la población de edades avanzadas, especialmente de los 80 años en adelante. Por ejemplo, la población de 95 años y más de edad del censo está inflada en 22%. Las tablas de vida incluyen una extrapoblación de la mortalidad para edades mayores de 100 años. Con una muestra de alrededor de 7 mil adultos mayores se determina que el patrón de mortalidad de los derecho-habientes de pensión es menor que el de la población general. La esperanza de vida al nacer de hombres y mujeres resultó de 74,6 y 79,4 años, respectivamente y a la edad 60 fue de 20,6 y 23,2 años, respectivamente, en toda la población de Costa Rica, y de 22,0 y 25,3 años entre los derecho-habientes de pensión. Para tomar en cuenta la disminución de la mortalidad que probablemente ocurrirá en el futuro en Costa Rica se recomienda usar la tabla de vida proyectada para 2020-25. Se seleccionó este periodo porque la esperanza de vida a la edad 65 es muy parecida a la estimada para la cohorte de nacidos en 1940, la cual se considera representativa de quienes se pensionarán en el corto y mediano plazo. Se presenta la tabla completa de 2020-25, corregida por la menor mortalidad de los derecho-habientes, para que sea utilizada en el cálculo actuarial de pensiones vitalicias y retiro programado en el periodo 2000-5. La esperanza de vida a la edad 60 en esta tabla resultó de 23,6 para los hombres y 26,8 para las mujeres, es decir, unos tres años más altas que las estimadas para la población de Costa Rica 1995-2000. Se recomienda actualizar estas estimaciones cada 5 años.Item Obesidad, envejecimiento y mortalidad en Costa Rica(Asociación Latinoamericana de Población - ALAP, 2008) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Brenes Camacho, Gilbert; Méndez Chacón, ErickaEl incremento en la prevalencia de la obesidad en el mundo ha despertado el interés de investigadores y gran público debido a la asociación del exceso de grasa corporal con ciertas enfermedades degenerativas (Popkin, 2006). En países ricos como los Estados Unidos de América, demógrafos han llegado incluso a pronosticar un declive en la esperanza de vida como consecuencia del incremento en la obesidad (Olshansky et al., 2005). Según la teoría de la transición nutricional (Popkin, 2004, 2006), las sociedades en vías de desarrollo van a experimentar en el futuro próximo un aumento tanto en la prevalencia de la obesidad como en las enfermedades asociadas a la obesidad debido a un cambio nutricional hacia una dieta alta en grasas saturadas y carbohidratos refinados y hacia una vida sedentaria en la que el cuerpo consume menos energía. Este cambio se propaga gracias a la globalización de patrones culturales de países ricos y llega a poblaciones con alta prevalencia de desnutrición durante su gestación e infancia. Incrementos recientes en la obesidad entre latinoamericanos han generado,por su parte, pronósticos sombríos sobre aumentos en la prevalencia de limitaciones funcionales y enfermedades no transmisibles como la diabetes melitus, el infarto al miocardio y la aterosclerosis (Kain, Vio & Albala, 2003; Popkin, 2004). Estos augurios pesimistas son frecuentemente hechos para la población adulta mayor latinoamericana, dado que esta población es la que se ve mayormente afectada por enfermeda-es crónicas (Drumond-Andrade, 2006; Barceló et al., 2007; Monteverde et al., 2007; Palloni et al., 2006). Sin embargo, la literatura científica sobre envejecimiento y obesidad no es muy clara respecto a los efectos supuestamente perjudiciales de la obesidad sobre la salud entre los adultos mayores. En los países ricos se ha observado que la prevalencia de la obesidad decrece con la edad (Cornoni-Huntley et al., 1991; Ferraro, Thorpe & Wilkinson, 2003; Reynolds, Saito & Crimmins, 2005), que el efecto de la obesidad sobre la mortalidad también decrece con la edad (Bender et al., 1999; Fontaine et al., 2003; Lindsted & Singh, 1997; Thorpe & Ferraro, 2004), aunque la discapacidad y la esperanza de vida con discapacidad sí es mayor entre adultos mayores obesos que entre los no obesos (Reynolds, Saito & Crimmins, 2005). Algunos autores argumentan que la atenuación de los efectos negativos de la obesidad sobre la salud entre adultos mayores se puede deber a sobrevivencia selectiva de los no obesos respecto a los obesos, al uso del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) para medir la obesidad cuando el IMC puede no ser adecuado entre personas de mayor edad, a la no medición de las pérdidas de peso voluntarias y no voluntarias, o a que la actividad física, más que la obesidad per se, es la que está más estrechamente relacionada con la morbilidad y mortalidad (Elia, 2001; Zamboni et al., 2005). Algunos estudios focalizados en personas adultas mayores cuestionan si el IMC es la forma más apropiada para medir obesidad en edades avanzadas (Seidell & Visscher, 2000) debido a cambios en la composición corporal que tienen lugar con el envejecimiento. Se propone que en vez de usar el IMC se utilice la circunferencia de cintura (una medida que, por cierto, es mucho más sencilla de obtener y de mayor precisión que el IMC) como indicador de la acumulación de grasa abdominal (Seidell & Flegal, 1997), la cual parece estar especialmente asociada con riesgos de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes en mayor medida que la masa corporal (Donahue et al., 1987; Rexrode et al., 1998; Björntorp, 1997). Costa Rica es el país de las Americas con la segunda esperanza de vida más alta, detrás de Canadá y por delante de los Estados Unidos, Cuba o Chile (PRB, 2007). Además se ha documentado que Costa Rica tiene una ventaja considerable en mortalidad de adultos mayores y en la de origen cardiovascular (Rosero-Bixby, 1991, 2008). ¿Hasta qué punto la ventaja costarricense en la mortalidad se debe a una composición favorable en términos de obesidad o a efectos atenuados de ésta sobre la salud? ¿Hasta qué punto cabe que en Costa Rica, y en Latinoamérica, se presenten los retrocesos en la esperanza de vida pronosticados para los países de ingresos altos como consecuencia del aumento de la prevalencia de obesidad? El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la relación entre obesidad, envejecimiento y salud en adultos mayores de una población latinoamericana.Item Diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores costarricenses(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica. Revista Electrónica, Vol. 5(1), artículo 2, 2007) Brenes Camacho, Gilbert; Rosero Bixby, LuisPoblación y Salud en Mesoamérica - Volumen 5, número 1, artículo 2, jul - dic 2007 Número especial CRELES - Costa Rica: Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable http://ccp.ucr.ac.cr/revista/ 2Diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores costarricenses1Gilbert Brenes-Camacho2, Luis Rosero-Bixby3RESUMEN El propósito del artículo es describir la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus (DM) entre los adultos mayores costarricenses. Se analiza la magnitud de la prevalencia, los problemas de medición de la misma, así como los factores asociados con la enfermedad, la enfermedad controlada, y el tener niveles altos de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C) entre la población sin diagnóstico previo de DM. Una cuarta parte de los adultos mayores de Costa Rica padecen de DM y cerca de la mitad de los que la padecen, no la tienen controlada. Los factores asociados con la prevalencia de la enfermedad son los usuales destacados por la literatura científica: actividad física, obesidad e historia familiar de DM. Se halla evidencia de un posible problema de acceso diferencial a servicios de control de DM, ya que los adultos mayores que habitan fuera de la gran área metropolitana de San José tienen un riesgo menor de tener controlada su enfermedad. Los adultos mayores sin pensión también tienen un riesgo mayor de tener niveles altos de HbA1C.Item Differentials by socioeconomic status and institutional characteristics in preventive service utilization by older pers in Costa Rica(Journal of Aging and Health 21 (5), 2009) Brenes Camacho, Gilbert; Rosero Bixby, LuisObjective: The goals of this article are to assess the level of preventive service utilization by older persons in Costa Rica and to determine whether there are differentials in utilization across socioeconomic status (SES) and institutional characteristics. Method: Using data from the Costa Rican Study on Longevity and Healthy Aging (CRELES) project, a study of healthy aging in Costa Rica, the authors use self-reported information on preventive service utilization. The SES differentials are studied using logistic regressions. Results: Preventive services linked to cardiovascular disease prevention are frequently utilized; preventive services linked to cancer screening, vaccination, and sense impairments are not so widely used. Higher SES people are more likely to utilize most preventive services. Utilization rates among uninsured seniors are lower than among their insured peers. Home visits by community health workers are positively associated with higher utilization rates. Discussion: The SES disparities in preventive service utilization exist in Costa Rica, and institutional characteristics are positively associated with increasing utilization.Item The COVID-19 pandemic and fertility decline in Costa Rica: A deep plunge in the first pandemic month, a decelerated decline, and a baby bust due to fleeing migrants(International Journal of Population Studies, 2024) Rosero Bixby, LuisUsing microdata from the administrative birth registry maintained by the electoral authority of Costa Rica, this paper aims to address the knowledge gap concerning childbearing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of rapid fertility decline since before the pandemic, as compared to the scenario in the highly developed countries. Monthly fertility rates for the period between 2018 and 2022 were estimated. The outcome of interest was a year-on-year change in these rates. The major findings of this study are as follows: (i) A short-lived baby bust in the first full month of the pandemic that is similar to falls observed in other countries (the year-on-year decrease of fertility in January 2021 was as high as 24% for some groups); (ii) a pandemic-associated deceleration in the fertility decline, which could be interpreted as a baby boom if the counterfactual were a continuation of the recent pre-pandemic declining trend; (iii) hints of a baby boom later in the pandemic in communities with low socioeconomic status, and especially, in families with several children, which could come from unwanted pregnancies; and (iv) an anomalous drop in births from foreign-born mothers delivered during the first 9 months of the pandemic, which probably stemmed from pandemic-motivated migration out of the country. The fertility plunge in January 2021 seems to be a response to the hardships caused by pandemic mitigation measures in April 2020, as well as by the uncertainties and fears concerning COVID-19, rather than the response to the physiological harm of the disease itself. The native-born Costa Ricans saw some of the lowest total birth rates in the world during the pandemic: 1.14 and 1.13 births per woman in 2021 and 2022, respectively. These rates would have been even lower if the sharp birth decline observed before the pandemic had continued during the two pandemic years under studyItem Socioeconomic inequalities in national transfers accounts in Ecuador 2006 and 2011: did a new socialist government make a difference?(The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, vol.27, 2024) Rosero Bixby, LuisLatin America is the least egalitarian region in the world. A neo-socialist government in Ecuador prioritized the reduction of socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities. The generational economy is a framework to understand the economic lifecycle and to link demographic change with people’s well-being. This article aims to uncover SES-driven inequalities in the generational economy of Ecuador: did public transfers modify them from 2006 to 2011? National transfer accounts (NTA) were disaggregated by SES quartiles, which were defined by the highest level of education attainment in each household. The accounts within SES quartiles were estimated using standard NTA methods. A pseudo-Gini coefficient summarized SES-driven inequalities by age and generational account. This secondary analysis was based on existing micro databases from the Ecuadorian NTA. Results: National averages do not represent well the generational economy of the low-SES population. The usual gradient of higher economic figures in higher SES strata shows up in almost all NTAs with the notable exceptions of reversal (progressive) gradients in conditional public cash transfers to low-SES households and public education at the elementary school level. Retirement pensions are extremely regressive public transfers, benefiting mostly high-SES strata. Conclusions: Population aging might worsen the high levels of inequality already existing in Ecuador and Latin America. Some progressive public policies worked well to reduce inequality in Ecuador. Contribution: This article demonstrates the importance of uncovering SES-driven inequalities existing in NTAs and their change through the lifecycle. It also identifies public policies that ameliorated inequality as well as public transfers that are regressive.Item Traditional rural dietary pattern and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort study of elderly Costa Ricans: the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES)(The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2024) Zhang, Yundan; Cortés Ortiz, Mónica V.; Leung, Cindy W.; Baylin, Ana; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Ruiz Narváez, Edward A.Costa Rica, as many other Latin American countries, is experiencing a fast demographic aging. It is estimated that by 2030, 18.5% of the population, or almost 1 of every 5 Costa Ricans, will be 60 y or older, compared with 7.9% or 1 of every 13 Costa Ricans in 1999 [1]. As the population ages, chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neurodegenerative disorders are expected to increase in prevalence posing growing challenges to the health of the Costa Rican population. With the demographic shift toward an aging population, there is an urgent need to study determinants of longevity and healthy aging. Diet—as part of a healthy lifestyle—is a key modifiable factor that may help to minimize the burden of age-related health conditions. Beans are a major source of protein and fiber in Costa Rican adults and part of traditional diets in most Latin American countries. High bean consumption has been found associated with a protective cardiometabolic prolife such as low total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol [2,3]. In the Costa Rican population specifically, intake of beans has been associated with lower risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in middle-aged adults [4]. We recently reported that a traditional Costa Rican rural dietary pattern, rich in beans and rice, was associated with longer leukocyte telomeres—a marker of biologic aging—in Costa Rican adults 60 y and older [5]. However, no studies have examined whether adherence to a traditional diet in elderly Costa Ricans may also be associated with lower mortality. Because of the nutrition transition (i.e., a shift from traditional diets to an increased consumption of processed foods highs in sugars, fats, and salt) experienced by Costa Rica in the last decades [4,6,7], it is essential to evaluate the potential impact of traditional diets on promoting healthy aging and longevity within an aging population. In this study, we assessed the association between a traditional rural dietary pattern, as well as their major food components beans and rice, and all-cause mortality among elderly Costa Ricans aged 60 y and older at baseline. We hypothesized that higher scores on the traditional dietary pattern are associated with lower all-cause mortality in elderly Costa Ricans. We also assessed whether additional dietary patterns may be associated with all-cause mortality. We used longitudinal and nationally representative data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES).Item Centenarian clocks: epigenetic clocks for validating claims of exceptional longevity(SPRINGER LINK, vol. 45, 2023) Dec, Eric; Clement, James; Cheng, Kaiyang; Church, George M.; Fossel, Michael B.; Rehkopf, David H.; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Kobor, Michael S.; Lin, David TS.; Lu, Ake T.; Fei, Zhe; Guo, Wei; Chew, Yap Ching; Yang, Xiaojing; Dwi Putra, Sulistyo E.; Reiner, Alex P.; Correa, Adolfo; Vilalta, Adrian; Pirazzini, Chiara; Passarino, Giuseppe; Monti, Daniela; Arosio, Beatrice; Garagnani, Paolo; Franceschi, Claudio; Horvath, SteveClaims surrounding exceptional longevity are sometimes disputed or dismissed for lack of credible evidence. Here, we present three DNA methylation-based age estimators (epigenetic clocks) for verifying age claims of centenarians. The three centenarian clocks were developed based on n = 7039 blood and saliva samples from individuals older than 40, including n = 184 samples from centenarians, 122 samples from semi-supercentenarians (aged 105 +), and 25 samples from supercentenarians (aged 110 +). The oldest individual was 115 years old. Our most accurate centenarian clock resulted from applying a neural network model to a training set composed of individuals older than 40. An epigenome- wide association study of age in different age groups revealed that age effects in young individuals (age < 40) are correlated (r = 0.55) with age effects in old individuals (age > 90). We present a chromatin state analysis of age effects in centenarians. The centenarian clocks are expected to be useful for validating claims surrounding exceptional old age.